Define the following terms.
a. Sublimation
b. Vaporization
c. Intermolecular force
d. Condensation
e. Diffusion
f. Brownian movement
Answers
★Sublimation↦ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ɪs ᴛʜᴇ ᴛʀᴀɴsɪᴛɪᴏɴ ᴏғ ᴀ sᴜʙsᴛᴀɴᴄᴇ ᴅɪʀᴇᴄᴛʟʏ ғʀᴏᴍ ᴛʜᴇ sᴏʟɪᴅ ᴛᴏ ᴛʜᴇ ɢᴀs sᴛᴀᴛᴇ, ᴡɪᴛʜᴏᴜᴛ ᴘᴀssɪɴɢ ᴛʜʀᴏᴜɢʜ ᴛʜᴇ ʟɪǫᴜɪᴅ sᴛᴀᴛᴇ.
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★Vaporization↦ ᴠᴀᴘᴏʀɪᴢᴀᴛɪᴏɴ (ᴏʀ ᴠᴀᴘᴏʀɪsᴀᴛɪᴏɴ) ᴏғ ᴀɴ ᴇʟᴇᴍᴇɴᴛ ᴏʀ ᴄᴏᴍᴘᴏᴜɴᴅ ɪs ᴀ ᴘʜᴀsᴇ ᴛʀᴀɴsɪᴛɪᴏɴ ғʀᴏᴍ ᴛʜᴇ ʟɪǫᴜɪᴅ ᴘʜᴀsᴇ ᴛᴏ ᴠᴀᴘᴏʀ. ᴛʜᴇʀᴇ ᴀʀᴇ ᴛᴡᴏ ᴛʏᴘᴇs ᴏғ ᴠᴀᴘᴏʀɪᴢᴀᴛɪᴏɴ: ᴇᴠᴀᴘᴏʀᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴀɴᴅ ʙᴏɪʟɪɴɢ. ᴇᴠᴀᴘᴏʀᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ɪs ᴀ sᴜʀғᴀᴄᴇ ᴘʜᴇɴᴏᴍᴇɴᴏɴ, ᴡʜᴇʀᴇᴀs ʙᴏɪʟɪɴɢ ɪs ᴀ ʙᴜʟᴋ ᴘʜᴇɴᴏᴍᴇɴᴏɴ.
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★Intermolecular Force↦ ɪɴᴛᴇʀᴍᴏʟᴇᴄᴜʟᴀʀ ғᴏʀᴄᴇs ᴀʀᴇ ᴛʜᴇ ғᴏʀᴄᴇs ᴡʜɪᴄʜ ᴍᴇᴅɪᴀᴛᴇ ɪɴᴛᴇʀᴀᴄᴛɪᴏɴ ʙᴇᴛᴡᴇᴇɴ ᴀᴛᴏᴍs, ɪɴᴄʟᴜᴅɪɴɢ ғᴏʀᴄᴇs ᴏғ ᴀᴛᴛʀᴀᴄᴛɪᴏɴ ᴏʀ ʀᴇᴘᴜʟsɪᴏɴ ᴡʜɪᴄʜ ᴀᴄᴛ ʙᴇᴛᴡᴇᴇɴ ᴀᴛᴏᴍs ᴀɴᴅ ᴏᴛʜᴇʀ ᴛʏᴘᴇs ᴏғ ɴᴇɪɢʜʙᴏʀɪɴɢ ᴘᴀʀᴛɪᴄʟᴇs, ᴇ.ɢ. ᴀᴛᴏᴍs ᴏʀ ɪᴏɴs. ɪɴᴛᴇʀᴍᴏʟᴇᴄᴜʟᴀʀ ғᴏʀᴄᴇs ᴀʀᴇ ᴡᴇᴀᴋ ʀᴇʟᴀᴛɪᴠᴇ ᴛᴏ ɪɴᴛʀᴀᴍᴏʟᴇᴄᴜʟᴀʀ ғᴏʀᴄᴇs. ᴛʜᴇ ғᴏʀᴄᴇs ᴡʜɪᴄʜ ʜᴏʟᴅ ᴀ ᴍᴏʟᴇᴄᴜʟᴇ ᴛᴏɢᴇᴛʜᴇʀ.
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★Condensation↦ ᴄᴏɴᴅᴇɴsᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ɪs ᴛʜᴇ ᴄʜᴀɴɢᴇ ᴏғ ᴡᴀᴛᴇʀ ғʀᴏᴍ ɪᴛs ɢᴀsᴇᴏᴜs ғᴏʀᴍ (ᴡᴀᴛᴇʀ ᴠᴀᴘᴏʀ) ɪɴᴛᴏ ʟɪǫᴜɪᴅ ᴡᴀᴛᴇʀ. ᴄᴏɴᴅᴇɴsᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ɢᴇɴᴇʀᴀʟʟʏ ᴏᴄᴄᴜʀs ɪɴ ᴛʜᴇ ᴀᴛᴍᴏsᴘʜᴇʀᴇ ᴡʜᴇɴ ᴡᴀʀᴍ ᴀɪʀ ʀɪsᴇs, ᴄᴏᴏʟs ᴀɴᴅ ʟᴏᴏsᴇs ɪᴛs ᴄᴀᴘᴀᴄɪᴛʏ ᴛᴏ ʜᴏʟᴅ ᴡᴀᴛᴇʀ ᴠᴀᴘᴏʀ. ᴀs ᴀ ʀᴇsᴜʟᴛ, ᴇxᴄᴇss ᴡᴀᴛᴇʀ ᴠᴀᴘᴏʀ ᴄᴏɴᴅᴇɴsᴇs ᴛᴏ ғᴏʀᴍ ᴄʟᴏᴜᴅ ᴅʀᴏᴘʟᴇᴛs.
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★Diffusion↦ ᴅɪғғᴜsɪᴏɴ ɪs ᴛʜᴇ ɴᴇᴛ ᴍᴏᴠᴇᴍᴇɴᴛ ᴏғ ᴀɴʏᴛʜɪɴɢ ғʀᴏᴍ ᴀ ʀᴇɢɪᴏɴ ᴏғ ʜɪɢʜᴇʀ ᴄᴏɴᴄᴇɴᴛʀᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴛᴏ ᴀ ʀᴇɢɪᴏɴ ᴏғ ʟᴏᴡᴇʀ ᴄᴏɴᴄᴇɴᴛʀᴀᴛɪᴏɴ. ᴅɪғғᴜsɪᴏɴ ɪs ᴅʀɪᴠᴇɴ ʙʏ ᴀ ɢʀᴀᴅɪᴇɴᴛ ɪɴ ᴄᴏɴᴄᴇɴᴛʀᴀᴛɪᴏɴ. ᴛʜᴇ ᴄᴏɴᴄᴇᴘᴛ ᴏғ ᴅɪғғᴜsɪᴏɴ ɪs ᴡɪᴅᴇʟʏ ᴜsᴇᴅ ɪɴ ᴍᴀɴʏ ғɪᴇʟᴅs, ɪɴᴄʟᴜᴅɪɴɢ ᴘʜʏsɪᴄs, ᴄʜᴇᴍɪsᴛʀʏ, ʙɪᴏʟᴏɢʏ, sᴏᴄɪᴏʟᴏɢʏ, ᴇᴄᴏɴᴏᴍɪᴄs, ᴀɴᴅ ғɪɴᴀɴᴄᴇ.
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★Brownian Movement↦ ʙʀᴏᴡɴɪᴀɴ ᴍᴏᴛɪᴏɴ, ᴏʀ ᴘᴇᴅᴇsɪs, ɪs ᴛʜᴇ ʀᴀɴᴅᴏᴍ ᴍᴏᴛɪᴏɴ ᴏғ ᴘᴀʀᴛɪᴄʟᴇs sᴜsᴘᴇɴᴅᴇᴅ ɪɴ ᴀ ᴍᴇᴅɪᴜᴍ. ᴛʜɪs ᴘᴀᴛᴛᴇʀɴ ᴏғ ᴍᴏᴛɪᴏɴ ᴛʏᴘɪᴄᴀʟʟʏ ᴄᴏɴsɪsᴛs ᴏғ ʀᴀɴᴅᴏᴍ ғʟᴜᴄᴛᴜᴀᴛɪᴏɴs ɪɴ ᴀ ᴘᴀʀᴛɪᴄʟᴇ's ᴘᴏsɪᴛɪᴏɴ ɪɴsɪᴅᴇ ᴀ ғʟᴜɪᴅ sᴜʙ-ᴅᴏᴍᴀɪɴ, ғᴏʟʟᴏᴡᴇᴅ ʙʏ ᴀ ʀᴇʟᴏᴄᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴛᴏ ᴀɴᴏᴛʜᴇʀ sᴜʙ-ᴅᴏᴍᴀɪɴ.
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SUBLIMATION - the transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas state, without passing through the liquid state.
VAPORIZATION - conversion of a substance from the liquid or solid phase into the gaseous (vapour) phase. If conditions allow the formation of vapour bubbles within a liquid, the vaporization process is called boiling.
INTERMOLECULAR FORCE - forces are the forces which mediate interaction between atoms, including forces of attraction or repulsion which act between atoms and other types of neighboring particles
CONDENSATION - the process where water vapor becomes liquid. It is the reverse of evaporation, where liquid water becomes a vapor. Condensation happens one of two ways: Either the air is cooled to its dew point or it becomes so saturated with water vapor that it cannot hold any more water
DIFFUSION - the net movement of anything from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Diffusion is driven by a gradient in concentration.