Question

Define the following terms with examples-

(a) standard bond enthalpy.

(b) Conjugate acid & base.

(c) Substitution reaction.

(d) Catenation property.

(e) Markonikov Rule.









Dies & Debine the ballowing terms with excent
(9) standard
bond enthalaly
acid
base
(C) Substitution suartal reaction
(d) Catenation Property
le) Markownikov Rule​

Answer 1

$\rightarrow{ \bold{standard \: bond \: enthalpy}}$

Bond enthalpy (also known as bond energy) is defined as the amount of energy required to break one mole of the stated bond. For example, the bond energy of a O-H single bond is 463 kJ/mol. This means that it requires 463 kJ of energy to break one mole of O-H bonds.

$\rightarrow{ \bold{Conjugate acid & base}}$

conjugate acid, within the Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory, is a chemical compound formed by the reception of a proton (H+) by a base—in other words, it is a base with a hydrogen ion added to it, as in the reverse reaction it loses a hydrogen ion.

$\rightarrow{ \bold{substitution \: reaction}}$

substitution reaction (also known as single displacement reaction or single substitution reaction) is a chemical reaction during which one functional group in a chemical compound is replaced by another functional group. Substitution reactions are of prime importance in organic chemistry.

$\rightarrow{ \bold{catenation}}$

In chemistry, catenation is the bonding of atoms of the same element into a series, called a chain. A chain or a ring shape may be open if its ends are not bonded to each other, or closed if they are bonded in a ring

$\rightarrow{ \bold{Markovnikov's \: rule}}$

Markovnikov's rule (Markovnikov addition): In an addition reaction of a protic acid HX (hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, or hydrogen iodide) to an alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of HX becomes bonded to the carbon atom that had the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.