define the major 'fertility' and 'mortality' indicators. briefly explain there signification in economic planning
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FERTILITY AND MORTALITY. Fertility and mortality in a population depend on sociocultural history, sanitary conditions, and biological factors. Although the last element is generally similar in all human communities, sociocultural and sanitary factors vary considerably.
FERTILITY
Fertility is measured by a combination of four classical parameters: birthrate (number of births per 1,000 total population); fertility rate (birthrate per 1,000 women fifteen to forty-nine years old), reproduction rate (average number of girls born per woman), and actual fertility (average total number of births per woman). The Persian fertility rate a half-century ago was equivalent to maximum natural growth. Such natural growth rates were established for Persia and several comparable countries between the years 1950 and 1955, before the broad introduction of birth control .
In Persia during the period of the four national censuses (1956, 1966, 1976, 1986) and the comprehensive survey of 1991 it was possible to gauge both absolute numbers and statistical magnitude from annual birth registers at the Office of vital statistics in addition, the study of demographic growth conducted in 1973-76 by the Statistical Center of Iran fertility studies of Tehran and four rural areas by the Institute of social studies and research at Tehran University in 1965-66 (Chasteland, 1968; idem et al.), and a demographic survey conducted by the Faculty of hygiene have provided reliable data. Estimated birthrates for the period between 1900 and 1951 have been obtained from back projections.
It can be concluded from these sources that until 1986 the Persian birthrate was high (as high as 48-49 per 1,000), compared to the world rate ; nevertheless, surveys and the census of 1976 show that the rate had dropped from 1966, as a result of official policies on family planning (q.v.). Having risen in 1986, it dropped again, reflecting difficult economic conditions caused by the war with Iraq, as well as reintroduction of rigorous family planning (Jamʿīyat, 1992). In 1994 the Persian birthrate equaled the average for Asia and Central America, 26 to 30 per 1,000 population, reflecting a continued very high fertility rate.
Whereas birthrates are based on total population, a large proportion of which plays no role in human reproduction, fertility rate, reproduction rate, and total fertility provide more precise measures, for they are based only on the segment of the population that determines human fertility, women aged 15 to 49 years. The Persian fertility rate, estimated at 240 in 1956, had dropped to 130 in 1991, compared to about 100 for Asia as a whole (Amani, 1970, p. 19; United Nations, 1991, p. 174; . In 1986 the unadjusted Persian reproduction rate was 3.12, compared to 1.74 for Asia as a whole in 1990
MORTALITY
Mortality, the number of deaths per 1,000 population, has declined rapidly in Persia since the early 20th century, a significant factor in overall population growth. In contrast to birthrates, death rates are difficult to establish, for they are much less fully registered, so that estimates of the various relevant measures play a much more important role. A study of historic trends in Persian mortality since 1900 reveals a high rate (36-41) for the first quarter-century, owing to epidemics, famines, natural catastrophes, and local conflicts and war, events also characteristic of Persian life before 1900 (Amani, 1982, pp. 176-77). A United Nations (1990, p. 398) estimate put the mortality rate for the period 1950-55 at 22, approximately the same as that estimated for the preceding five years.
Three indexes of mortality will be examined here: unadjusted death rate, infant mortality, and life expectancy at birth. In 1992 the Persian death rate ranked in the middle of those from a selected group of Muslim countries but higher in relation to Persia’s immediate northern neighbors; statistics on the latter, however, having been gathered according to the Soviet system, raise some doubts.
Unadjusted death rates. According to three reliable regional studies in the early 1970s the rural death rate in Persia was approximately double the urban rate . In other sources estimates of the unadjusted death rate vary. For example, estimates based on deaths registered at the Office of vital statistics, according to which the national rate dropped from 7 in 1966 to 4 in 1986 The study of demographic growth between 1973 and 1976 yielded an unadjusted death rate of 11.5 per 1,000, corresponding to an average of 428,851 deaths a year, whereas the average number of deaths registered at the Office of vital statistics for the same period was 154,000, reflecting an underregistration of 64 percent. Nevertheless, a few indexes suggest that, beginning in 1989, after the end of the war with Iraq, comprehensive registration of deaths improved.
FERTILITY
Fertility is measured by a combination of four classical parameters: birthrate (number of births per 1,000 total population); fertility rate (birthrate per 1,000 women fifteen to forty-nine years old), reproduction rate (average number of girls born per woman), and actual fertility (average total number of births per woman). The Persian fertility rate a half-century ago was equivalent to maximum natural growth. Such natural growth rates were established for Persia and several comparable countries between the years 1950 and 1955, before the broad introduction of birth control .
In Persia during the period of the four national censuses (1956, 1966, 1976, 1986) and the comprehensive survey of 1991 it was possible to gauge both absolute numbers and statistical magnitude from annual birth registers at the Office of vital statistics in addition, the study of demographic growth conducted in 1973-76 by the Statistical Center of Iran fertility studies of Tehran and four rural areas by the Institute of social studies and research at Tehran University in 1965-66 (Chasteland, 1968; idem et al.), and a demographic survey conducted by the Faculty of hygiene have provided reliable data. Estimated birthrates for the period between 1900 and 1951 have been obtained from back projections.
It can be concluded from these sources that until 1986 the Persian birthrate was high (as high as 48-49 per 1,000), compared to the world rate ; nevertheless, surveys and the census of 1976 show that the rate had dropped from 1966, as a result of official policies on family planning (q.v.). Having risen in 1986, it dropped again, reflecting difficult economic conditions caused by the war with Iraq, as well as reintroduction of rigorous family planning (Jamʿīyat, 1992). In 1994 the Persian birthrate equaled the average for Asia and Central America, 26 to 30 per 1,000 population, reflecting a continued very high fertility rate.
Whereas birthrates are based on total population, a large proportion of which plays no role in human reproduction, fertility rate, reproduction rate, and total fertility provide more precise measures, for they are based only on the segment of the population that determines human fertility, women aged 15 to 49 years. The Persian fertility rate, estimated at 240 in 1956, had dropped to 130 in 1991, compared to about 100 for Asia as a whole (Amani, 1970, p. 19; United Nations, 1991, p. 174; . In 1986 the unadjusted Persian reproduction rate was 3.12, compared to 1.74 for Asia as a whole in 1990
MORTALITY
Mortality, the number of deaths per 1,000 population, has declined rapidly in Persia since the early 20th century, a significant factor in overall population growth. In contrast to birthrates, death rates are difficult to establish, for they are much less fully registered, so that estimates of the various relevant measures play a much more important role. A study of historic trends in Persian mortality since 1900 reveals a high rate (36-41) for the first quarter-century, owing to epidemics, famines, natural catastrophes, and local conflicts and war, events also characteristic of Persian life before 1900 (Amani, 1982, pp. 176-77). A United Nations (1990, p. 398) estimate put the mortality rate for the period 1950-55 at 22, approximately the same as that estimated for the preceding five years.
Three indexes of mortality will be examined here: unadjusted death rate, infant mortality, and life expectancy at birth. In 1992 the Persian death rate ranked in the middle of those from a selected group of Muslim countries but higher in relation to Persia’s immediate northern neighbors; statistics on the latter, however, having been gathered according to the Soviet system, raise some doubts.
Unadjusted death rates. According to three reliable regional studies in the early 1970s the rural death rate in Persia was approximately double the urban rate . In other sources estimates of the unadjusted death rate vary. For example, estimates based on deaths registered at the Office of vital statistics, according to which the national rate dropped from 7 in 1966 to 4 in 1986 The study of demographic growth between 1973 and 1976 yielded an unadjusted death rate of 11.5 per 1,000, corresponding to an average of 428,851 deaths a year, whereas the average number of deaths registered at the Office of vital statistics for the same period was 154,000, reflecting an underregistration of 64 percent. Nevertheless, a few indexes suggest that, beginning in 1989, after the end of the war with Iraq, comprehensive registration of deaths improved.
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