describe a new antimicrobial target site with the reason and biosynthetic mechanism
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Answer:
An important quality for an antimicrobial drug is selective toxicity, meaning that it selectively kills or inhibits the growth of microbial targets while causing minimal or no harm to the host. Most antimicrobial drugs currently in clinical use are antibacterial because the prokaryotic cell provides a greater variety of unique targets for selective toxicity, in comparison to fungi, parasites, and viruses. Each class of antibacterial drugs has a unique mode of action (the way in which a drug affects microbes at the cellular level), and these are summarized in Figure 1 above and Table 1 below ⬇️
Table 1. Common Antibacterial Drugs by Mode of Action
Mode of Action Target Drug Class
Inhibit cell wall biosynthesis Penicillin-binding proteins β-lactams: penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams, carbapenems
Peptidoglycan subunits Glycopeptides
Peptidoglycan subunit transport Bacitracin
Inhibit biosynthesis of proteins 30S ribosomal subunit Aminoglycosides, tetracyclines
50S ribosomal subunit Macrolides, lincosamides, chloramphenicol, oxazolidinones
Disrupt membranes Lipopolysaccharide, inner and outer membranes Polymyxin B, colistin, daptomycin
Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis RNA Rifamycin
DNA Fluoroquinolones
Antimetabolites Folic acid synthesis enzyme Sulfonamides, trimethoprim
Mycolic acid synthesis enzyme Isonicotinic acid hydrazide
Mycobacterial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase inhibitor Mycobacterial ATP synthase Diarylquinoline