Question

describe a village during mughal times​

Answer 1

Explanation:

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Answer 2

Answer:

(1) Khud-kasht(riyayati):

Those residential peasants living in their own village, owning their own land and implements, paying the land-revenue at a concessional rate, formed the governing body of the village community. Also called mirasdars in Maharashtra and gharu-hala in Rajasthan.

(2) Pahi-kasht:

These peasants were basically outsiders but cultivated the rented land in a vil­lage either by staying in the same village (residential pahi-kasht) or by staying in the neighbouring villages (non-residential pahi-kasht).

(3) Muzarian (raiyatis):

Those who belonged to the same village but who did not have either land or implements and hence were dependent on the Khud-kasht for their supply. They were divided into two groups; tenants-at-will and those who had hereditary tenant rights, called as paltis in Rajastan.

Apart from the cultivators, there were labourers (majurs). In addition, there were the service people— blacksmith, potter, washerman, etc. In Maharashtra, these service sectors were twelve in number who were called balutedars and received a prescribed share (baluta) from the village produce.

The Indian peasantry in the Mughal Empire was highly stratified and there was considerable difference in the size of holdings, produce and resources of peasants within the same locality.

India had a well diversified economy with the cultivation of a large variety of crops. Cotton, indigo, chay (red dye), sugarcane, oil seeds paid land revenue at a higher rate and had to be paid in cash hence, called cash crops or superior crops.

The peasants not only shifted his cultivation from one crop to other but also adopted new crops. Tobacco and maize were introduced in the 17th century. The adoption of potato and red chilies followed during the 18th century.

During this period, India also exported foodgrains, especially rice and sugar. The peasant was not disposed from his land as long as he paid the land revenue. Although the life of the peasant was hard, he had enough to eat and meet his simple requirements.