Question

describe about the morphology of eye with a diagram


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Answer 1

the retina of a human eye is a variable resolution sensor: the distribution of photoreceptors is non-homogeneous. The density of cones, which are used for high acuity vision, is greatest in the center (fovea) (Fig. 4.1.1.1) (e.g., Curcio et al., 1990). Through this morphological arrangement, a limited num­ber of sensing and processing elements can provide both high acuity in the center of the visual field, and a wide field of view. In robots, the retinal morphology can be emulated by the log-polar transformation (e.g., Sandini & Metta, 2002), and the degree of variable resolution can be scaled arbitrarily. Martinez et al. (2010a) investigated this effect in a robot with two eyes perfor­ming vergence behavior (simultaneous movement of both eyes in opposite directions to obtain single binocular vision). The sensor morphology as repre­sented by the log-polar transform clearly manifests itself in the information structure calculated on a sequence of images obtained from the robot. A similar phenomenon was observed by Lungarella & Sporns (2006). There, a simulated wheeled robot (but with a human-inspired eye) was driving around colored objects and foveated on them.

Answer 2

Let us start with visual perception. Vision is the key sensory modality for many animals. However, the morphology or "design" of visual sensors varies greatly across species. We will pick a human and an insect eye to illustrate how the sensors are optimized to the particular needs of an animal.

Human eye

The retina of a human eye is a variable resolution sensor: the distribution of photoreceptors is non-homogeneous. The density of cones, which are used for high acuity vision, is greatest in the center . Through this morphological arrangement, a limited num­ber of sensing and processing elements can provide both high acuity in the center of the visual field, and a wide field of view. In robots, the retinal morphology can be emulated by the log-polar transformation (e.g., Sandini & Metta, 2002), and the degree of variable resolution can be scaled arbitrarily. Martinez et al. (2010a) investigated this effect in a robot with two eyes perfor­ming vergence behavior (simultaneous movement of both eyes in opposite directions to obtain single binocular vision). The sensor morphology as repre­sented by the log-polar transform clearly manifests itself in the information structure calculated on a sequence of images obtained from the robot. A similar phenomenon was observed by Lungarella & Sporns (2006). There, a simulated wheeled robot (but with a human-inspired eye) was driving around colored objects and foveated on them.

A diagram of a human eye. The density of cones, which are used for high acuity vision, is greatest in the center (fovea).

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