describe any four techiqes of scientific management
Answers
Explanation:
1. Work Study:
Work study implies an organized, objective, systematic, analytical and critical assessment of the efficiency of various operations in an enterprise.
It is a generic term for those techniques which are used in the examination of human work in all its context and which lead systematically to the investigation of all factors which affect the efficiency and economy of operations.
Work-Study includes the following techniques:
(а) Method Study:
This study is conducted to know the best method of doing a particular job. It helps in reducing the distance travelled by materials, and brings improvement in handling, transporting, inspection and storage of raw materials and goods.
(b) Motion Study:
Motion study is a technique which involves close observations of the movement of body and limbs of an individual required to perform a job. It is the study of the movement of an operator or a machine to eliminate useless motions and find out the best method of doing a particular job. By undertaking motion study, an attempt is made to know whether some elements of a job can be eliminated, combined or their sequence changed to achieve the necessary rhythm.
The purpose of motion study is (i) to find and eliminate wasteful motions among the workers, and (a) to design the best methods of doing various operations. It leads to increase the efficiency of workers by reducing fatigue and manual labour. It results in higher production and productivity.
(c) Time Study or Work Measurement:
Time study is the technique of observing and recording the time required by a workman of reasonable skills and ability to perform each element of the tasks in a job. Through time study, the precise time required for each element of a man’s work is determined. It helps in fixing the standard time required to do a particular job.
The purpose of time study is to scientifically determine the standard time for doing a job under given condition. It helps to measure the efficiency of workers. It creates time consciousness among workers. Saving in time leads to cost reduction and increased efficiency.
(d) Fatigue Study:
Fatigue, physical or mental, has an adverse effect on the worker’s health and efficiency. Fatigue study helps in reducing fatigue among the workers. Fatigue is generally caused by long working hours without rest pauses, repetitive operations, excessive specialisation, and poor working conditions. The purpose of fatigue study is to maintain the operational efficiency of the workers.
2. Standardisation of Tools and Equipments:
Taylor advocated standardisation of tools and couplings, cost system and several other items. Efforts should be made to provide standardised working environment and methods of production to the workers. Standardisation would help to reduce spoilage and wastage of materials, improve quality of work, reduce cost of production and reduce fatigue among the workers.
3. Scientific Task Setting:
It is essential to set a standard task which an average worker source does during a working day. Taylor called it a fair day’s work. He emphasized the need for fixing a fair day’s work because it will prevent the workers from doing work much below their capacity. The standard task will act as a norm before the workers. If no standard is set, the workers will work below his capacity.
4. Scientific Setting of Wage Rates:
Wage rates should be fixed in such a way that he average worker is induced to attain a standard output. Taylor suggested the differential piece- wage system. Under this system, higher rates are offered to those workers who produce more than the standard quantity. Taylor was of the view that the efficient workers should be paid, from 30% to 100% more than the average workers.
Explanation:
Work Study:
Work study implies an organized, objective, systematic, analytical and critical assessment of the efficiency of various operations in an enterprise.
2. Standardisation of Tools and Equipments:
Taylor advocated standardisation of tools and couplings, cost system and several other items. Efforts should be made to provide standardised working environment and methods of production to the workers. Standardisation would help to reduce spoilage and wastage of materials, improve quality of work, reduce cost of production and reduce fatigue among the workers.
3. Scientific Task Setting:
It is essential to set a standard task which an average worker source does during a working day. Taylor called it a fair day’s work. He emphasized the need for fixing a fair day’s work because it will prevent the workers from doing work much below their capacity. The standard task will act as a norm before the workers. If no standard is set, the workers will work below his capacity.
4. Scientific Setting of Wage Rates:
Wage rates should be fixed in such a way that he average worker is induced to attain a standard output. Taylor suggested the differential piece- wage system. Under this system, higher rates are offered to those workers who produce more than the standard quantity. Taylor was of the view that the efficient workers should be paid, from 30% to 100% more than the average workers.