describe any two methods of the working of pressure groups
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Answer:
(1) Lobbying:
A very popular means used by pressure groups is lobbying. It involves the art of cultivating and influencing the policy-makers, legislators, judges and civil servants. In its wider form, lobbying means attempts of the pressure groups to influence government departments in favour of their interests. In its original form, Lobbying is “referred to the efforts of the individuals to influence the votes of legislators, generally in the lobby outside the legislative chamber.” Adjacent to each house of the legislature, there is, usually, a room called lobby where the legislators informally sit and exchange view. It is here that the legislators can be influenced most and that too for an immediate activity in the house. Interest groups use lobbying for influencing them in favour of their interests.In contemporary times, however, lobbying is not confined only to the lobby of the legislature it operates at all levels of governmental activity. To lobby with the ministers and civil servants by meeting them, placing before them information suitable for the interests, submitting them petitions, cases, memoranda, etc., is a popular fruitful exercise of the pressure groups.Even within the judicial system, the pressure groups try to secure favourable decisions and judgements through lobbying.
(2) Use of Party Platforms:
Though with a professed non-partisan character, the interest groups do not hesitate to use party platforms and organisation for promoting their interests. They, through lobbying, persuasion, speeches and contacts, try to secure the support of political parties for their interests. They try to influence the choice of party candidates in elections, mould the election campaigns and secure the election of only such candidates as can be helpful for their interests.Through parties, the pressure groups try to penetrate into the legislature and executive. Sometimes, interest/pressure groups also provide trained personnel to the parties, who assume leadership roles within the party organisations.In fact, each party has interest groups within its structure and each pressure group is favourably inclined towards one or another party or parties. Use of party platforms by the pressure groups for securing their interest is a recognised fact of the contemporary era of democratic politics.
(3) Electioneering:
Groups exploit election times for their advantage. They do not contest elections, but at the same time they do try to influence the choice of candidates by political parties as well as their election campaigns. They participate in electioneering with a view to secure the victory of their ‘favoured’ candidates, i.e., to influence the outcome of election in a direct way. Behind party labels they indirectly get involved in elections for securing their interests.
(4) Propaganda and Mass Media:
The communications revolution of the 20th century has enabled pressure groups to use propaganda. They always try to secure such provisions in the election manifestoes of the political parties as can serve their interests and use means of mass media for securing public support for their demands and interests.Through advertisements or press notes in the newspapers the interest groups try to secure public attention towards their demands and support for the campaigns launched for securing such demands. Through lobbying and contacts with the Press, the groups try to secure favourable write-ups and editorials in leading newspapers and periodicals.These write letters to the editors for clarifying their views as well as for answering the questions raised by the press.
Explanation:
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Answer:
Explanation:
Campaign methods used by pressure groups. Points of access, access points, the media, lobbying, direct action, parliament, civil servants, ministers, civil disobedience, boycotts, sit-ins, criminal damage, e-petitions.