describe Aurangzeb's relationship with the European
Answers
Answer:
Muhi-ud-Din Muhammad[3] (3 November 1618 – 3 March 1707),[1] commonly known by the sobriquet Aurangzeb (Persian: "Ornament of the Throne")[3] or by his regnal title Alamgir (Persian: "Conqueror of the World"),[4] was the sixth Mughal emperor, who ruled over almost the entire Indian subcontinent for a period of 49 years.[5][6][7] Widely considered to be the last effective ruler of the Mughal Empire,[8] Aurangzeb compiled the Fatawa-e-Alamgiri, and was among the few monarchs to have fully established Sharia law and Islamic economics throughout the Indian subcontinent.[9][10] He was an accomplished military leader[11] whose rule has been the subject of praise, though he has also been described as the most controversial ruler in Indian history.[12]
He was a notable expansionist; during his reign, the Mughal Empire reached its greatest extent, ruling over nearly all of the Indian subcontinent.[13] During his lifetime, victories in the south expanded the Mughal Empire to 4 million square kilometres,[14] and he ruled over a population estimated to be over 158 million subjects,[13] with an annual revenue of $450 million (more than ten times that of his contemporary Louis XIV of France),[15] or £38,624,680 (2,879,469,894 rupees) in 1690. Under his reign, India surpassed Qing China to become the world's largest economy and biggest manufacturing power, worth nearly a quarter of global GDP and more than the entirety of Western Europe, and its largest and wealthiest subdivision, the Bengal Subah,[16] signaled the proto-industrialization.[17][18][19][20]
Aurangzeb was noted for his religious piety; he memorized the entire Quran, studied hadiths and stringently observed the rituals of Islam.[21][22] Unlike his predecessors, including his father Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb considered the royal treasury to be held in trust for the citizens of his empire.[22][23] He did not enjoy a luxurious life and his personal expenses and constructions of small mosques were covered by his own earnings, which included the sewing of caps and trade of his written copies of the Quran.[24][25] He also patronized works of Islamic and Arabic calligraphy.[26]
Aurangzeb has been subject to criticism. Critics argue that his policies abandoned his predecessors' legacy of pluralism and religious tolerance, citing his introduction of the jizya tax and other policies based on Islamic ethics, demolition of Hindu temples, the executions of his elder brother Dara Shikoh, Maratha king Sambhaji[27][28] and the ninth Sikh guru Tegh Bahadur,[29][30][a] and the prohibition and supervision of behaviour and activities that are forbidden in Islam such as music, gambling, fornication, and consumption of alcohol and narcotic.[31][32][33] Various historians question the historicity of the claims of his critics, arguing that his destruction of temples has been exaggerated,[34][35] and noting that he also built temples,[36] paid for their maintenance,[37] employed significantly more Hindus in his imperial bureaucracy than his predecessors did, and opposed bigotry against Hindus and Shia Muslims.[Aurangzeb was born on 3 November 1618, in Dahod, Gujarat. He was the third son and sixth child of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal.[39] In June 1626, after an unsuccessful rebellion by his father, Aurangzeb and his brother Dara Shukoh were kept as hostages under their grandparents' (Nur Jahan and Jahangir) Lahore court. On 26 February 1628, Shah Jahan was officially declared the Mughal Emperor, and Aurangzeb returned to live with his parents at Agra Fort, where Aurangzeb received his formal education in Arabic and Persian. His daily allowance was fixed at Rs. 500, which he spent on religious education and the study of history.
On 28 May 1633, Aurangzeb escaped death when a powerful war elephant stampeded through the Mughal Imperial encampment. He rode against the elephant and struck its trunk with a lance,[40] and successfully defended himself from being crushed. Aurangzeb's valour was appreciated by his father who conferred him the title of Bahadur (Brave) and had him weighed in gold and presented gifts worth Rs. 200,000. This event was celebrated in Persian and Urdu verses, and Aurangzeb said:[41]
If the (elephant) fight had ended fatally for me, it would not have been a matter of shame. Death drops the curtain even on Emperors; it is no dishonor. The shame lay in what my brothers did!
Explanation:
Answer:
Muhi-ud-Din Muhammad[3] (3 November 1618 – 3 March 1707),[1] commonly known by the sobriquet Aurangzeb(Persian: "Ornament of the Throne")[3] or by his regnal title Alamgir (Persian: "Conqueror of the World"),[4] was the sixth Mughal emperor, who ruled over almost the entire Indian subcontinent for a period of 49 years.[5][6][7] Widely considered to be the last effective ruler of the Mughal Empire,[8] Aurangzeb compiled the Fatawa-e-Alamgiri, and was among the few monarchs to have fully established Sharia law and Islamic economicsthroughout the Indian subcontinent.[9][10]He was an accomplished military leader[11] whose rule has been the subject of praise, though he has also been described as the most controversial ruler in Indian history.[12]
Muhi-ud-din Muhammad
Aurangzeb Alamgir
محیالدین محمد
اورنگزیب عالمگیرSixth Mughal Emperor
Aurangzeb
Alamgir I
Emperor Aurangzeb seated on a throne in the darbar with a hawk
6th Mughal EmperorReign31 July 1658 – 3 March 1707Coronation13 June 1659 at Shalimar Bagh, DelhiPredecessorShah JahanSuccessorMuhammad Azam Shah (titular)
Bahadur Shah I
BornMuḥī al-Dīn Muḥammad[1]
4 November 1618 (N.S.)
Dahod, Mughal Empire (present-day Gujarat, India)Died3 March 1707 (N.S.)(aged 88)
Ahmednagar, Mughal Empire(present-day Maharashtra, India)Burial
Tomb of Aurangzeb, Khuldabad, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
ConsortDilras Banu Begum[2]WivesNawab Bai[2]
Aurangabadi Mahal[2]
Udaipuri Mahal[2]Issue
Zeb-un-Nissa
Muhammad Sultan
Zinat-un-Nissa
Bahadur Shah I
Badr-un-Nissa
Zubdat-un-Nissa
Muhammad Azam Shah
Sultan Muhammad Akbar
Mehr-un-Nissa
Muhammad Kam Bakhsh
Full nameMuhi-ud-Din Muhammad[1]Regnal nameAlamgir[1]HouseTimuridFatherShah JahanMotherMumtaz MahalReligionSunni Islam

Aurangzeb Bahadur holding an iris
He was a notable expansionist; during his reign, the Mughal Empire reached its greatest extent, ruling over nearly all of the Indian subcontinent.[13] During his lifetime, victories in the south expanded the Mughal Empire to 4 million square kilometres,[14] and he ruled over a population estimated to be over 158 million subjects,[13] with an annual revenue of $450 million (more than ten times that of his contemporary Louis XIV of France),[15] or £38,624,680 (2,879,469,894 rupees) in 1690. Under his reign, India surpassed Qing China to become the world's largest economy and biggest manufacturing power, worth nearly a quarter of global GDP and more than the entirety of Western Europe, and its largest and wealthiest subdivision, the Bengal Subah,[16] signaled the proto-industrialization.[17][18][19][20]
Aurangzeb was noted for his religious piety; he memorized the entire Quran, studied hadiths and stringently observed the rituals of Islam.[21][22] Unlike his predecessors, including his father Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb considered the royal treasury to be held in trust for the citizens of his empire.[22][23] He did not enjoy a luxurious life and his personal expenses and constructions of small mosques were covered by his own earnings, which included the sewing of caps and trade of his written copies of the Quran.[24][25] He also patronized works of Islamic and Arabic calligraphy.[26]
Aurangzeb has been subject to criticism. Critics argue that his policies abandoned his predecessors' legacy of pluralism and religious tolerance, citing his introduction of the jizya tax and other policies based on Islamic ethics, demolition of Hindu temples, the executions of his elder brother Dara Shikoh, Maratha king Sambhaji[27][28] and the ninth Sikh guru Tegh Bahadur,[29][30][a] and the prohibition and supervision of behaviour and activities that are forbidden in Islam such as music, gambling, fornication, and consumption of alcohol and narcotic.[31][32][33] Various historians question the historicity of the claims of his critics, arguing that his destruction of temples has been exaggerated,[34][35] and noting that he also built temples,[36] paid for their maintenance,[37] employed significantly more Hindus in his imperial bureaucracy than his predecessors did, and opposed bigotry against Hindus and Shia Muslims.[38]
Expation