Question

Describe each concept listed below. Provide an original example of each concept.

Social facilitation
Social loafing
Deindividuation
Group polarization
Groupthink
Culture
Cultural norms

Answer 1

Explanation:

1. Social facilitation refers to the finding that people sometimes show an increased level of effort as a result of the real, imagined, or implied presence of others. The concept was first identified by Norman Triplett in 1898, when he noticed that cyclist's performance was facilitated (helped) when training as a group.
2. In social psychology, social loafing is the phenomenon of a person exerting less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group than when working alone. It is seen as one of the main reasons groups are sometimes less productive than the combined performance of their members working as individuals.
3. Deindividuation, phenomenon in which people engage in seemingly impulsive, deviant, and sometimes violent acts in situations in which they believe they cannot be personally identified (e.g., in groups and crowds and on the Internet).
4. Group polarization is defined as a phenomenon when “members of a deliberating group move toward a more extreme point in whatever direction is indicted by the members' predeliberation tendency.” Group polarization leads to changing attitudes among individuals within the group.
5. Groupthink is a psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people in which the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcome.
6. Specifically, Groupthink is the “deterioration of mental efficiency, reality, testing, and moral judgment that results from in-group pressures” (Janis, 1982).Just as vision and culture arise from the top of an organization, avoiding and remaining aware of groupthink also begins with leadership.
7. Norms are the agreed‐upon expectations and rules by which a culture guides the behavior of its members in any given situation. Of course, norms vary widely across cultural groups. Sociologists speak of at least four types of norms: folkways, mores, taboos, and laws.

Answer 2

Answer:

Social facilitation is a psychological concept relating to the tendency for the presence of others to improve a person's performance on a task. While this might seem like a straightforward definition, it is actually a very complex concept with many nuances.

It also has a long history, which includes the development of a variety of theories to help explain the phenomenon in greater depth. To better understand the extent of this history and the layers of complexity, it's critical to learn about the theories, related concepts, and implications.