describe government at various levels in India.
Answers
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Let’s move from bottom to top.
At the lowermost level, we have the local self-governments (LSGs). They are of 2 types: 1. Rural LSG, which has Gram Panchayat (GP) of a village as the basic level. Many GPs together form a Block, many Blocks together form a Zilla Parishad at the district level. 2. Urban LSG, which has different bodies depending on population of the town/city. The most populous towns have Municipal Corporations, smaller towns have Municipalities, still smaller ones have Notified Area Committees, etc. Unlike rural LSGs, there is no hierarchy here.
At the intermediate level, we have the State Governments, representing India’s 29 states and the 2 large Union Territories of Delhi and Puducherry. Voters elect Members of Legislative Assemblies (MLAs), and the government is headed by the Chief Minister. Some of the more populous states like Uttar Pradesh also have an extra house, the Legislative Council, whose members are elected by the MLAs.
At the highest level, we have the Union Government, also called the central government, representing the entire nation. Voters elect Members of Parliament (MPs) to the Lok Sabha, while Lok Sabha MPs elect the members of the Rajya Sabha. The government is headed by the Prime Minister.
LSGs are meant to carry out activities of local nature, like road construction, garbage disposal, street lighting, etc. State governments perform functions on topics present in the ‘state list’ of the Constitution - like maintenance of law and order, collection of land revenue, regulation of mining, etc. The Union Government carries out activities related to issues of national importance mentioned in the ‘Union list’ - defence, railways, foreign relations, etc. Additionally, both Union and state governments work on topics of the ‘Concurrent list’ - forest conservation, family planning, etc.