Question

Describe in detail Disorder related to related to Thyroid gland?

Explain the process of DNA replication.

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Answer 1

Explanation:

When your thyroid makes either too much or too little of these important hormones, it's called a thyroid disease. There are several different types of thyroid disease, including hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, thyroiditis and Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

DNA replication is the process by which a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules. Replication is an essential process because, whenever a cell divides, the two new daughter cells must contain the same genetic information, or DNA, as the parent cell.

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Answer 2

‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎Thyroid Dysfunction

When the thyroid gland fails to secrete the normal level of hormones, the condition is called Thyroid Dysfunction. It leads to the following conditions.

• Hypothyroidism
• Hyperthyroidism

Hypothyroidism :

It is caused due to the decreased secretion of thyroid hormones. The abnormal conditions are simple goitre, cretinism, Myxoedema.

1. Goitre : It is caused due to the inadequate supply of iodine in our diet. This is commonly prevalent in Himalayan regions due to low level of iodine content in the soil. It leads to the enlargement of thyroid gland which protrudes as a marked swelling in the neck and is called goitre.
2. Cretinism : It is caused due to decreased secretion of the thyroid hormone in children. The conditions are stunted growth, mental defect, lack of skeletal development and deformed bones. They are called as cretins.
3. Myxoedema : It is caused by deficiency of thyroid hormones in adults. They are mentally sluggish, increase in body weight, puffiness of the face and hand, oedematous appearance.

Hyperthyroidism :

It is caused due to the excess secretion of the thyroid hormones which leads to Grave's disease. The symptoms are protrusion of the eyeballs (Exopthalmia), increased metabolic rate, high body temperature profuse sweating, loss of body weight and nervousness.

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‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎DNA Replication :

• DNA replication is one of the basic process that occurs within a cell. DNA molecule produces exact copies of its own structure during replication process. The two strands of a DNA molecule have complementary base pairs, the nucleotides of each strand provide the information needed to produce its new strand. The two resulting daughter cells contain exactly the same genetic information as the parent cell. DNA replication involves the following steps.

Origin of replication :

• The specific points on the DNA, where the replication begins, is the site of origin of replication. The two strands open and separate at this point forming the replication fork.

Unwinding of DNA molecule :

• The enzyme called helicase, bind to the origin of replication site. Helicase separates the two strands of the DNA. The enzyme called topoisomerase separates the double helix above the replication fork and removes the twists formed during the unwinding process. Each of the separated DNA strands function as a template.

Formation of RNA primer :

• An RNA primer is a short segment of RNA nucleotides. The primer is synthesized by the DNA template close to the origin of replication site.

Synthesis of new complementary strand from the parent strand :

• After the formation of RNA primer, nucleotides are added with the help of an enzyme DNA polymerase and a new complementary strand of DNA is formed from each of the parent strand. The synthesis is unidirectional.
• In one strand, the daughter strand is synthesized as a continuous strand which is called leading strand. In the other strand, short segments of DNA are synthesized. This strand is called lagging strand. The short segments of DNA are called Okazaki fragments. The fragments are joined together by the enzyme, DNA ligase.
• The replication stops when the replication fork of the two sides meet at a site called terminus, which is situated opposite to origin of replication site

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