Describe in detail, the process of double fertilization in angiosperms. Give its definition.
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DEFINITION
Angiosperms are plants that produce flowers and fruits, and they are the most common types of plants on Earth. Flowers are the reproductive structures of angiosperms. They include four basic parts:
Carpel: Female reproductive structure that makes eggs.
Stamen: Male reproductive structure that makes sperm cells.
Petals: Surround the carpel and stamen and are often brightly colored.
Sepals: Surround the flower petals before it has opened.
During flowering plant reproduction, two structures are created: a zygote and the endosperm. A zygote will grow and develop into an embryo, or baby plant. The endosperm is the plant embryo's food source. This process of forming a zygote and endosperm is called double fertilization, and it is unique to angiosperms.
The Process of Double Fertilization
An ovary contains at least one ovule. Inside an ovule, cells divide to produce an egg and two other cells called polar nuclei. These three cells are haploid, which means they have one set of chromosomes, and is designated by n. Most cells in angiosperms are diploid, or have two sets of chromosomes. In diploid (2n) cells, one set of chromosomes comes from the male parent and the other set comes from the female parent.
In addition to eggs and polar nuclei, sperm cells from a pollen grain are also haploid. Once the pollen tube reaches the micropyle, or the opening of an ovule, it releases two haploid sperm cells into the ovule. One sperm cell will fuse with the egg, resulting in a diploid zygote. The other sperm cell will fuse with the two polar nuclei, creating a triploid (3n) structure that will grow rapidly into the endosperm.
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