Question

Describe recombinant DNA technology in brief?
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Answer 1

Explanation:

Key Developments in Recombinant DNA Technology

nologyFollowing these early experiments, four key developments helped lead to construction of the first recombinant DNA organism (Kiermer, 2007). The first two developments revolved around how scientists learned to cut and paste pieces of DNA from different genomes using enzymes. The latter two events involved the development of techniques used to transfer foreign DNA into new host cells.

nologyFollowing these early experiments, four key developments helped lead to construction of the first recombinant DNA organism (Kiermer, 2007). The first two developments revolved around how scientists learned to cut and paste pieces of DNA from different genomes using enzymes. The latter two events involved the development of techniques used to transfer foreign DNA into new host cells. New complementary sticky ends are then added by terminal transferase. dATP is added to one plasmid, and dTTP is added to the other plasmid to produce poly-A and poly-T sticky ends, respectively. After the addition of complementary sticky ends to plasmids 1 and 2, the two plasmids are mixed together, and the complementary sticky ends base pair. A recombined plasmid is shown in a single, center column. The recombined plasmid is composed of two larger concentric circles; half of the circle is grey, and the other half is red. DNA polymerase, shown as a blue enzyme encircling both DNA strands, is added to the new, recombined plasmid to insert missing nucleotides. DNA ligase, shown as a small yellow enzyme encircling one DNA strand, seals nicks in the sugar-phosphate groups to ensure the fragments from each plasmid are joined together.

nologyFollowing these early experiments, four key developments helped lead to construction of the first recombinant DNA organism (Kiermer, 2007). The first two developments revolved around how scientists learned to cut and paste pieces of DNA from different genomes using enzymes. The latter two events involved the development of techniques used to transfer foreign DNA into new host cells. New complementary sticky ends are then added by terminal transferase. dATP is added to one plasmid, and dTTP is added to the other plasmid to produce poly-A and poly-T sticky ends, respectively. After the addition of complementary sticky ends to plasmids 1 and 2, the two plasmids are mixed together, and the complementary sticky ends base pair. A recombined plasmid is shown in a single, center column. The recombined plasmid is composed of two larger concentric circles; half of the circle is grey, and the other half is red. DNA polymerase, shown as a blue enzyme encircling both DNA strands, is added to the new, recombined plasmid to insert missing nucleotides. DNA ligase, shown as a small yellow enzyme encircling one DNA strand, seals nicks in the sugar-phosphate groups to ensure the fragments from each plasmid are joined together.View Full-Size ImageFigure 2

nologyFollowing these early experiments, four key developments helped lead to construction of the first recombinant DNA organism (Kiermer, 2007). The first two developments revolved around how scientists learned to cut and paste pieces of DNA from different genomes using enzymes. The latter two events involved the development of techniques used to transfer foreign DNA into new host cells. New complementary sticky ends are then added by terminal transferase. dATP is added to one plasmid, and dTTP is added to the other plasmid to produce poly-A and poly-T sticky ends, respectively. After the addition of complementary sticky ends to plasmids 1 and 2, the two plasmids are mixed together, and the complementary sticky ends base pair. A recombined plasmid is shown in a single, center column. The recombined plasmid is composed of two larger concentric circles; half of the circle is grey, and the other half is red. DNA polymerase, shown as a blue enzyme encircling both DNA strands, is added to the new, recombined plasmid to insert missing nucleotides. DNA ligase, shown as a small yellow enzyme encircling one DNA strand, seals nicks in the sugar-phosphate groups to ensure the fragments from each plasmid are joined together.View Full-Size ImageFigure 2The first major step forward in the ability to chemically modify genes occurred when American biologist Martin Gellert and his colleagues from the National Institutes of Health purified and characterized an enzyme in Escherichia coli responsible for the actual joining, or recombining, of separate pieces of DNA (Zimmerman et al., 1967). They called their find "DNA-joining enzyme," and this enzyme is now known as DNA ligase. All living cells use some version of DNA ligase to "glue together" short strands of DNA during replication.

A second major step forward in gene modification was the discovery of restriction enzymes, which cleave DNA at specific sequences.