Describe the abiotic factors affecting the life history of an insect
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Abiotic factors have both direct and indirect effects on insects. This chapter focuses on the direct effects of abiotic factors, especially temperature, on insects with different life histories. We draw examples from forest insect pests, mainly from temperate and boreal regions.
We also illustrate and discuss several issues relevant for modelling the direct effects of climatic factors on forest insect pests. Abiotic factors can affect the mortality of forest pests in different life stages.
Insects are generally well adapted to average conditions during different seasons, but extremes can cause problems. Examples are given from forest defoliators and aphids on conifers. Outbreak distribution and frequency in relation to climatic factors is discussed, with examples from both North America and Europe: the forest tent caterpillar, the spruce budworm and the European pine sawfly. The spatial and temporal resolution used when analysing forest insect outbreaks has often been at greatly larger scales than those at which the relevant ecological processes operate.
Consequently, for further work, we stress the importance of considering spatial variation in temperatures when modelling the effects of changing climate on forest pests. Between-year variation in climate is often large in temperate and boreal areas. Examples of the relationships between abiotic factors and forest insects illustrate the multiple ways in which weather can modulate population dynamics.
Finally, we discuss the possibilities for predicting the effects of changing abiotic factors on forest insect outbreaks. Multidisciplinary cooperation between researchers in different fields is urgently needed to bridge the gaps between the scales of insect pest dynamics, climate models and data. This is necessary to understand better the impacts of variable and changing climate on forest insect pests.
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I hope it's help you...!!! :) ✌️✌️
__________
__________
Abiotic factors have both direct and indirect effects on insects. This chapter focuses on the direct effects of abiotic factors, especially temperature, on insects with different life histories. We draw examples from forest insect pests, mainly from temperate and boreal regions.
We also illustrate and discuss several issues relevant for modelling the direct effects of climatic factors on forest insect pests. Abiotic factors can affect the mortality of forest pests in different life stages.
Insects are generally well adapted to average conditions during different seasons, but extremes can cause problems. Examples are given from forest defoliators and aphids on conifers. Outbreak distribution and frequency in relation to climatic factors is discussed, with examples from both North America and Europe: the forest tent caterpillar, the spruce budworm and the European pine sawfly. The spatial and temporal resolution used when analysing forest insect outbreaks has often been at greatly larger scales than those at which the relevant ecological processes operate.
Consequently, for further work, we stress the importance of considering spatial variation in temperatures when modelling the effects of changing climate on forest pests. Between-year variation in climate is often large in temperate and boreal areas. Examples of the relationships between abiotic factors and forest insects illustrate the multiple ways in which weather can modulate population dynamics.
Finally, we discuss the possibilities for predicting the effects of changing abiotic factors on forest insect outbreaks. Multidisciplinary cooperation between researchers in different fields is urgently needed to bridge the gaps between the scales of insect pest dynamics, climate models and data. This is necessary to understand better the impacts of variable and changing climate on forest insect pests.
_______________
_______________
I hope it's help you...!!! :) ✌️✌️
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