describe the Aldol condensation
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When aldehydes and ketones having at least one α-hydrogen are treated with dilute alkali (which act as a catalyst) they form β-hydroxy aldehydes (aldol) or β-hydroxy ketones (ketol) respectively. This reaction is known as aldol condensation.
Explanation:
Mechanism
Aldol condensation is an organic reaction in which an enolate ion reacts with carboxyl compound in order to form a β– hydroxy aldehyde or β– hydroxy ketone.
Hydroxide functions as a base and therefore moves the acidic a-hydrogen producing the reactive enolate ion. This reaction can be seen as an acid-base reaction.
The aldehyde is attacked at the electrophilic carbonyl carbon by the nucleophilic enolate ion. This attack is a nucleophilic addition reaction and gives alkoxide intermediate.
The alkoxide deprotonates water molecule, thereby producing hydroxide and the β–hydroxy aldehyde.