Describe the causes leading to the French Revolution.
Answers
Causes leading to french revolution:
1.International: struggle for hegemony and Empire outstrips the fiscal resources of the state
2. Political conflict: conflict between the Monarchy and the nobility over the “reform” of the tax system led to paralysis and bankruptcy.
3. The Enlightenment: impulse for reform intensifies political conflicts; reinforces traditional aristocratic constitutionalism, one variant of which was laid out in Montequieu’s Spirit of the Laws; introduces new notions of good government, the most radical being popular sovereignty, as in Rousseau’s Social Contract [1762]; the attack on the regime and privileged class by the Literary Underground of “Grub Street;” the broadening influence of public opinion.
4. Social antagonisms between two rising groups: the aristocracy and the bourgeoisie
5. Economic hardship, especially the agrarian crisis of 1788-89 generates popular discontent and disorders caused by food shortages.
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Answer:
1. Social Inequality in France due to the Estates System.
2. Tax Burden on the Third Estate.
3. The Rise of the Bourgeoisie.
4. Ideas put forward by Enlightenment philosophers.
5. Financial Crisis caused due to Costly Wars.
6. Drastic Weather and Poor Harvests in the preceding years.
7. The Rise in the Cost of bread
8. Ineffective leadership of louis XV and louis XVI
9. Parliament's successful opposition to reforms
10. The extravagant lifestyle of French monarchy