Describe the contribution of Mr Jinnah and Chaudhri Rehmat All to the Muslim
freedom movement.
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Mr. Muhammad Ali Jinnah was a great leader of the Indian independence movement, a person who started off as a leader of Hindu-Muslim unity but sadly, slowly gravitated towards an independent nation for Indian Muslims.
He is very much considered as a freedom fighter in India who later propounded the two nation theory.
I studied decades ago, but I do remember studying about his role as an independence movement leader in India. I believe he is still mentioned as such in Indian history books, unless someone can give examples to the contrary.
He was practicing as a successful lawyer and like many famous lawyers of his time, participated in politics and Indian independence movement.
He was never a religiously strict Muslim leader. He mostly spoke English. He was a member of the Congress party.
There were two factions in Congress. The hardline faction led by leaders like Balgangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai. The moderate faction was led by Gopalkrishna Gokhale, Ferozeshah Mehta, Naoroji. Jinnah was a follower of the moderate faction.
Mr. Gokhale called him a man free from all sectarian prejudice which will make him an ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity.
A delegation of Muslim leaders led by Aga Khan met with the then Viceroy of India, Lord Minto for political reforms where the interests of Muslims would be protected from Hindu majority. Mr. Jinnah wrote an article asking what rights these leaders as representatives of Muslims in India, as they were un-elected and self appointed.
When All India Muslim league was formed in 1906 to promote the interests of Muslims in India, at that time he was opposed to it.
During the time of WW I, Jinnah was in Britain along with the moderate factions of Congress. Jinnah along with those leaders supported the British war effort with the hope that Indians would be rewarded with more political freedoms.
At that time two of the great leaders of the moderate faction, Mehta and Gokhale died. Also another leader Naoroji died a couple of years later. The moderate faction lost some its tallest leaders and Jinnah too became disillusioned.
In 1916 Jinnah played a pivotal role in the famous Lucknow pact between Congress and the Muslim league. It was a pact between both the parties to work together and pressure British government for more political reforms for Indians, while also safeguarding the Muslim rights. It was after this, the famous nightingale of India, Sarojini Naidu gave him the title, 'Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity'.
He also played a very important role in the formation of All India Home Rule league along with leaders like Annie Besant, Tilak. It demanded Home rule for India - the status of a self governing dominion similar to Canada, Australia.
The British enjoyed the co-operation of the Indian political leaders during WW I, but once it ended didn't have any great interest to grant the political freedoms the Indian leaders had hoped. The lowest point at that time was the Jallianwallahbagh massacre.
After that, Gandhiji supported the Khilafat movement. It supported the Ottoman caliphate. It had the support of lot of Muslims in India, but Jinnah wasn't much impressed. He felt the support for Khilafat movement as a support for religious zealotry. Later when the Turkish leader Mustafa Kemal Ataturk announced the independence of Turkey, the Khilafat movement fizzled out.
Gandhiji's popularity grew in India. He also launched the Satyagraha movement. Jinnah was less impressed with it. He felt it was political anarchy. He believed self government should be achieved through constitutional means.
In the 1920 Nagpur Congress session he was shouted down by some Congress delegates while discussing Gandhiji's Satyagraha. When Congress endorsed the decision of Gandhiji, he became disillusioned. He resigned from Congress and continued as a member of Muslim league.
For quite sometime Jinnah was lesser involved in political activities and continued his legal practice. In 1928, Motilal Nehru prepared 'Nehru report'. It had opposition among Muslim league leaders and Jinnah prepared the Fourteen points.
Jinnah participated in Round table conferences in 30's. He continued to live in Britain for a few more years and later returned to India in 1934.
The great poet Allama Mohammad Iqbal had a great influence on Mr. Jinnah. Initially the two had different ideas but later towards the end of the life of Mr. Iqbal, Jinnah considered him his mentor.
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