describe the development of public services in indian
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The demand for Indianisation became persistent and there was mounting pressure for Development of Publk Services
3 holding simultaneous examinations in England and India. Once again, the question of in India
Indianisation was examined by a Public Service Commission in 1912 under the
chairmanship of Lord Islington, the then Governor of New Zealand. The Comniission
observed that at that time Indians constituted only 5% of the civil service. The Comrhission
supported "two separate channels of access to the Indian Civil Service itself, one in England
(open to all alike) and one in India (open to statutory natives of India only)". It sought to
apply a method for inducting Indians to the higher offices by reserving twenty-five per cent
posts for them, i.e. 189 out of 755 posts were to be filled by them. It proposed categorisation
of the services under the Government of India into Class I and 11. But no radical change in
the structure of the organisation of the civil service was envisaged by the Commission. Also
it took nearly four years for it to submit the report. As a result, due to lapse of time, the 1 proposed measures came to be regarded as inadequate by the enlightened public opinion in
1 India.
7.5 CIVIL SERVICES UNDER THE GOVERNMENT OF
INDIA ACTS, 1919 AND 1935
On 20th August 1917, E.S. Montague, the then Secretary of State in India, issued the historic
declaration in the House of Commons announcing the British Government's new policy of
"increasing association of Indians in every branch of the administration, development of self
governing institutions with a view to the progressive realisation of responsible Government
in India as an integral part of British Empire". A year later, i.e. in 1918, Montague and
Chelmsford (the then Viceroy), both in their joint report on Constitutional changes,
expressed supplementing the recruitment to civil services in England by fixing a definite
percentage of recruits from India. The percentage was fixed at thirty-three per cent for
superior posts with an annual increase of one-and-a-half per cent. They proposed an increase
in percentage of recruitment to other services in India. They were in favour of appointments
to be open to all branches of public services without racial discrimination and holding a
separate competitive examination in India.
The Government of India Act, 1919 on Constitutional reforms recommended a threefold
classification of services into All India, provincial and subordinate. All the Imperial services
then functioning in the provinces whether in the reserved or transferred departments, were
designated as the 'All India Services'. Special safeguards were guaranteed to the members
of All India Services in regard to dismissal, salaries, pensions and other rights. The Act
proposed as a safeguard against political influence the constitution bf a Public Service
Commission entrusted with the task of recruitment to the service.
In 1922, the first competitive examination was held under the supervision of the Civil
Service Commission. The Indian candidates selected on the basis of its results were put on
probation for two years at an English University.
The Lee Commission
In the midst of great ~litical furore in India over the negative British response towards
Indianisation of services and in view of the several complicated problems in relation to the
public service matters, in 1923 a Royal Commission on Superior Civil Services in India
uhder the chairmanship of Lord Lee was appointed. The Commission recommended the
division of main services into three classes : (a) All India (b) central and (c) provincial. The
central services were those which dealt with the Indian states and foreign affairs, with i administration of the state railways, posts and telegraphs, customs, audit and accounts,
scientific and technical departments. The Commission recommended that the Secretary of
State should retain the powers of appointment and control of the All India Services (mainly
Indian Civil Service, Indian Police Service, Indian Medical Service, Indian Forest Service
and Indian Service of Engineers) operating in the reserved fields of administration. The most
important recommendation of the Lee Commission was regarding services operating in the
transferred fields (e.g. Indian Educational Service, Indian Agricultural Service, Indian
Veterinary Services eic.), whose further recruitment and appointments were to be made by
the concerned local governments. Thus those services were to be provincialised. The
existing members of the All India Services were to retain all rights of the officers of All
India Services, but the provincial governments were giverl powers of appointment only on
occurrence of fresh vacan
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