describe the economic and political conditions of india during the world war 1
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The First World War created a new political and economic situation in India. ... (iv) In 1918-19, 1920-21 crops failed in many parts of India resulting in acute food shortage. (v) Influenza epidemic spread. According to the census in 1921, 12-13 million people perished due to famines and epidemics.
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The Indian state has been more penetrated by social actors than many East and Southeast Asian states. Unlike China, India could neither abolish private enterprise nor could it embrace globalization with the same speed and ferocity. Both complete state-driven nationalization and state-driven globalization would demand a state, which would have much greater command over interest groups like industrialists, farmers and trade unions. Policies favoring economic growth and development in India needed to evolve gradually after building a social consensus on those policies. This is a model of development driven by a relationship between the state and society, where the power of the state, even in its commanding moments, was moderated by the power of social actors.
Developmental ideas were debated within the state. Substantial economic policy change would require building upon a historical path of gradual changes in ideas and policies, punctuated by economic crises. This paper demonstrates how this dynamic is critical for explaining the politics of the green revolution and consequent self-sufficiency in food grains, as well as for understanding the India's globalization beyond 1991. It is a story of getting to higher rates of economic growth in a gradual and circuitous way after building a policy consensus among diverse stakeholders. Economic crises aided the arrival of a new consensus.
India's growth rates began looking more like China's after 2003. Figure 1 gives us a visual feel of the trajectory of India's growth. Between 1956 and 1974, India's GDP grew between 3 and 4 percent per annum, when it was a closed and highly regulated economy. The same increased to over 5 percent between 1975 and 1990 when India's domestic private sector was given greater room for maneuver. This was not a period when India's engagement with the global economy saw a significant rise (Figure 2). The paradigm shift in private sector and trade orientation beyond 1991 has been associated with higher rates of growth, over 6 percent between 1991 and 2004, and over 8.5 percent between 2003 and 2007. It is the latter figure that has drawn the attention of the world when India became one of the fastest growing economies in the world after China.