Question

Describe the economy, society and religion of Harappan Civilization. in 1000 words
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Answer 1

Harappa is an archaeological site in Punjab, Pakistan, about 24 km (15 mi) west of Sahiwal. The site takes its name from a modern village located near the former course of the Ravi River which now runs 8 km (5.0 mi) to the north. The current village of Harappa is less than 1 km (0.62 mi) from the ancient site. Although modern Harappa has a legacy railway station from the British Raj period, it is a small crossroads town of harrapa.

The site of the ancient city contains the ruins of a Bronze Age fortified city, which was part of the Indus Valley Civilisation centred in Sindh and the Punjab, and then the Cemetery H culture.[1] The city is believed to have had as many as 23,500 residents and occupied about 150 hectares (370 acres) with clay brick houses at its greatest extent during the Mature Harappan phase (2600 BC – 1900 BC), which is considered large for its time. Per archaeological convention of naming a previously unknown civilisation by its first excavated site, the Indus Valley Civilisation is also called the Harappan Civilisation.

The ancient city of Harappa was heavily damaged under British rule, when bricks from the ruins were used as track ballast in the construction of the Lahore–Multan Railway. In 2005, a controversial amusement park scheme at the site was abandoned when builders unearthed many archaeological artifacts during the early stages of building work. A plea from the Pakistani archaeologist Mohit Prem Kumar to the Ministry of Culture resulted in a restoration of the site.

Answer 2

Economy society and religion of harappa civilisation

Explanation:

Economy

• It is generally believed that economy of the Harappan people was mainly based on external trade, but actually agriculture was the backbone of the civilization. Agriculture was "supported & supplanted" by the animal husbandry.
• The Harappans were excellent farmers. When Harappans arrived there, the valley of the Indus River was very fertile. Farming was the main work of the people. Rainwater became the source of irrigation. They had barley, barely, corn , cotton and vegetables as their primary agricultural products. The goods were sold to make money. The people of Harappa domesticated many animals, such as buffalo, cow, , elephant, sheep, pig, camel, and so on.
• The Harappan people's industrial know-how was distinctive. They had also produced numerous articles and every handiwork reveals an exquisite art. metal pots, metallic works, weaving,  & such other artifacts reveal their enviable artistic characteristics.
• The economy of Harappa seems to have been heavily dependent on trade & commerce, which was aided by significant transportation advances. The Harappan Civilization perhaps were the 1st to use "wheeled cart", which is the same as the one in South Asia today. Boats & watercraft also seem to have been built a huge dredged canal and what is known as a docking facility has been discovered at the coastal city of Lothal.
• Trade had focused on "importing raw materials" to be utilised  in Harappan city workshops comprising minerals from Afghanistan & Iran, copper & lead from India, "jade from China", & cedar wood has floated "down rivers" from Kashmir & the Himalayas. Other trade goods comprised pots, terracotta, silver, gold, beads,  metals, seashells, flints for tools making, pearls, & coloured gem stones, like" turquoise & lapis lazuli. There was an "extensive maritime trade network" "operating" between the Harappan & Mesopotamian civilisations.

Religion

• The Mother Goddess worship was one of the most significant aspects of the Harappan religion. Many terracotta figures were recovered in various places from the ruins. It is assumed that these statues belong to the Mother Goddess. Many of them have waist stripes, saris & necklaces.
• The adoration of a male god was another major religious practice of the Harappans. A male figure, with a headwear covered with a buffalo earshttps://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1Fs98kXKH1Y9GkQ1Ws2jcCKeCq5UaTMVFHt3Abj15qrw/edit?ts=5eeb1625#gid=0, such as lions , tigers, deer etc. which is surrounded by  animals is contained in a special seal. This also illustrates the idea of "Pasupatin," the "master of the animals". The pictures of bulls or birds  on the Harappa seals show that they Shiva worshippers.
• Animal worship was a special feature of Harappan religious belief. Worship of animals such as  rhinoceros, elephant, bull, & tiger was quite common. The worship of Nag Puja/Nag Devta  was equally common. But amongst all animals, "bull worship" was most prominent.
• Apart from the human & symbolic worship of Shiva and Shakti, the people of Harappa worshiped trees, stones & animals because, according to them, it was the resting place of different spirits, good or evil.
• The pictures of trees on rocks, in some cases the heads of animals and men under the trees, a god between the two branches of a peepal tree are simple proofs of tree adoration. There are "stray" comparisons to neem and banyan tree worship.

Society

The Harappan society appeared to have segregated into 3 classes:

1. The nobility related to  the citadel,
2. A well-to-do middle-class, &
3. A relatively weaker section, generally occupying the "fortified lower cities".

• However, some labourers & craftsmen had lived "outside" the fortified area. At the "Kalibangan site" of Harappan culture, it seems that priests lived in the "upper part" of the "citadel" & performed rituals on "fire altars" in its lower part.
• Different facets of Harappan society stated earlier that people lead highly developed, peaceable, pleasant & comfortable lives. Social laws and norms were well controlled & their way of living was "well disciplined". The social life was thus simple and complete.
• The women were honoured exceptionally by the Harappan society. The Mother of Goddess' worship is an apparent evidence of Harappan women's revered position.  They were "treated equally" by their male counterparts.

To know more

Describe briefly the indigenous origin of the Harappan civilization ...

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