Question

Describe the elements of unity and diversity in India.

Ans. Some the factors which contributed to the emergence of sociology as an academic
discipline.
1) The Enlightenment Period - The roots of the ideas developed by the early sociologists are grounded in the social conditions that prevailed in Europe. The emergence of
sociology as a scientific discipline can be traced to that period of European history,
which saw such tremendous social, political and economic changes as embodied in the
French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution. This period of change in European Society is known as the Enlightenment Period as it embodies the spirit of new awakening in the French philosophers of the eighteenth century.
The Enlightenment Period marked a radical change from the traditional thinking of feudal Europe. It introduced the new way of thinking and looking at reality. Individuals
started questioning each and every aspect of life and nothing was considered sacrosanct - from the church to the state to the authority of the monarch and so on. The roots of
the ideas, such as the belief that both nature and society can be studied scientifically, that human beings are essentially rational and that a society built on rational principles
will make human beings realize their infinite potentials, can be traced in the development of science and commerce in Europe. The new outlook developed as a
result of the Commercial Revolution and the Scientific Revolution and crystalised during
the French and the Industrial Revolutions gave birth to sociology as a discipline. To
understand the social changes that were taking place in European society, we will first
look at the kind of society that existed in traditional Europe, i.e. prior to the Enlightenment period.
2) The Scientific Revolution - Europe produced a “scientific revolution” in the Renaissance period of fourteenth to sixteenth century A.D. The impact of the scientific
revolution was crucial not just in changing material life, but also people's ideas about
Nature and Society. To begin with, let us clarify what we mean by the "history of science", which is what we will be describing in this section. The history of science does
not mean a list of dates and events to be memorized. During the scientific revolution, the following two developments, among many others, took place and helped in advancement of knowledge. Dissection of human body started
which led to an increased knowledge of the anatomy. Modern medicine developed due to this knowledge. The ancient belief that the earth was fixed and the sun revolved
around it was shattered by Copernicus, who proved that it is the sun, which is fixed, and
the earth, which revolves around it. It is a story of the interconnection between science
and society, polity, economy and culture.
3) Social Functions of Sciences - Science does not develop independent of society,
rather, it develops in response to human needs e.g. various vaccines were not
developed just out of the blue, but out of the necessity to cure diseases.
4) Science in the Medieval Period - Medieval society was characterised by the feudal system. The Church was the epicenter of power authority and learning. Learning was
mostly of the religious variety. Nothing could challenge the 'dogmas' or rigid beliefs of
the Church. New, daring ideas could not flower in such an atmosphere. Thus the development of science was restricted mainly to improvements in techniques of
production.

Answer 1

Answer:

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