Question

describe the emergence of new national leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose​

Answer 1

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• Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose, charismatic stalwarts of the Congress and the Indian struggle for Independence, were comrades, not adversaries.

• In June 1935, when the former was imprisoned in India, his wife Kamala needed to go to Europe for treatment of tuberculosis.

• Bose, who had been exiled to Europe by the British, unsurprisingly took charge by accompanying her from Vienna to Prague where she was to receive initial medical care.

• With Kamala’s condition deteriorating, the British permitted Nehru to join her.

• She was moved to Badenweiler, a Black Forest resort in Germany. Bose messaged Nehru: “If I can be of any service in your present trouble, I hope you will not hesitate to send for me.”

• Eventually Kamala was shifted to Lausanne in Switzerland, where she prematurely passed away in 1936 in the presence of her husband, daughter Indira and Bose.

• Soon after, Nehru left for India to preside over the Lucknow session of the All India Congress Committee (AICC). Bose, still in Europe, wrote to Nehru to underscore: “Among the front-rank leaders of today – you are the only one whom we can look up to for leading the Congress in a progressive direction.”

• In January 1938, Bose, a rising star in the freedom movement, visited London for the first time since his graduation from Cambridge University in 1921. While in the British capital, he, not unexpectedly, received a telegram from Mahatma Gandhi informing him of his unanimous election as president of the Indian National Congress for its fifty-first session to be held at Haripura in Gujarat. The message added: “God give you strength to bear the weight of Jawaharlal’s mantle.” Nehru was then the incumbent president.

• However, before his anointment, there was the delicate matter of rendering Bande Mataram, a lyrical poem composed in Bengali by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee. The song compared India with the Hindu Goddess Durga and had been incorporated in Chatterjee’s 1882 novel Ananda Math, which was replete with anti-Muslim bias. Yet, it had gained traction in the nationalist movement.

• When Nehru asked Bose if the Congress should be identified with what seemed to be an enunciation of Hindu exultation, the latter suggested they should seek Nobel Prize-winning Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore’s opinion. The poet laureate approved of the coinage Bharatmata or Mother India and did not think the first verse of the poem was offensive to any community; but he felt the song as a whole and the literature with which it was associated were liable to upset Muslims. Based on this advice, the Congress distanced itself from Bande Mataram in terms of it equating the nation with a Hindu Goddess and, therefore, one religion.

• The internationally reputed American TIME magazine quite exceptionally put Bose on its cover in its edition of March 7, 1938. In his presidential address, he declared: “Our chief national problem relating to the eradication of poverty, illiteracy and disease and to scientific production and distribution can be effectively tackled only on socialistic lines.”

• Such a policy, he added, “will require a radical reform of our land-system, including the abolition of landlordism”. He went on to advocate, “a comprehensive scheme of industrial development under state-ownership and state-control will be indispensable”. This was much too left-wing for capitalism-oriented activists in the fold.

• As Bose’s term progressed, Gandhians and Congress conservatives increasingly opposed his re-election. Vallabhbhai Patel, an arch rightist, issued a public statement on behalf of his group in the working committee – the highest decision-making body in the party – urging Bose to step aside and allow a unanimous election of their candidate Dr Pattabhi Sitaramayya. As a storm brewed, Tagore, in a letter to Gandhi, urged that Bose be re-nominated. The Mahatma, who was otherwise deferential to the literary luminary, addressing him as Gurudev or ‘respected guru’, replied it would be better for Bose not to run.

• Yet, he was stunningly returned. The Mahatma uncharacteristically fumed. “Since I was instrumental in inducing Dr Pattabhi not to withdraw…the defeat is more mine than his…it is plain to me that the delegates do not approve of the principles and policy for which I stand.” In effect, he challenged the Congress to choose between him and Bose.

• Nehru felt his younger colleague’s ‘aspersion’ against the old guard of the Congress on the matter of their alleged willingness to compromise with the British was unwarranted. At the 1939 session of the AICC in Tripuri in Madhya Pradesh, Bose was duly re-crowned as president. However, a resolution, which bound him to select a working committee ‘in accordance with the wishes of Gandhiji’, was passed.

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