Describe the events that have led to political distability and crisis in Afghanistan.
Answers
Answer:
• Sixteen years after the start of the international intervention in Afghanistan, the
country remains beset by a debilitating array of conflicts, undermined political
stability, an economic and security decline since the withdrawal of a majority of
international forces, and a divided government since the 2014 elections.
• Afghanistan needs to reform and restructure its political institutions if it is to
have stability, peaceful and sustainable governance, and economic growth. Four
approaches, in combination, may have the potential to put Afghanistan on a more
stable and sustainable path while improving prospects for reconciliation.
• Between now and the 2019 presidential elections, President Ghani and CEO Abdullah
need to continue and improve progress in implementing the executive power-sharing
approach of the National Unity Government concerning appointments, key policy
initiatives, and the coming elections.
• At the same time, Afghan leaders need to reform key aspects of the electoral system
to facilitate negotiation and compromise across voting blocs and political parties to
allocate power based on popular support.
• The government in Kabul needs to follow through on commitments to decentral-
ize administrative power and authority within the current constitutional system,
through, for example, strengthening municipal and district-level governance, demo-
cratic processes, and accountability.
• Long-term political stability requires agreement on reforms to balance power across
regions and between the central government and the provinces within the political
system.
• A political settlement with the Taliban will require an even more difficult balance
of power, which makes it especially important that reforms include accommodating
new political actors.
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Answer:
Afghan War, in the history of Afghanistan, the internal conflict that began in 1978 between anticommunist Islamic guerrillas and the Afghan communist government (aided in 1979–89 by Soviet troops), leading to the overthrow of the government in 1992. More broadly, the term also encompasses military activity within Afghanistan after 1992—but apart from the Afghanistan War (2001–14), a U.S.-led invasion launched in response to the September 11 attacks on the United States in 2001. By this broader definition, many analysts consider the internal Afghan War as lasting well into the 21st century and overlapping with the U.S.-led Afghanistan War.
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
A Soviet armoured vehicle rolling past a group of civilians during the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, December 1979.
Archive Photos/Getty Images
Afghan War
QUICK FACTS
DATE
1978 - 1992
LOCATION
Afghanistan
PARTICIPANTS
Mujahideen
Soviet Union
KEY PEOPLE
Leonid Brezhnev
Mikhail Gorbachev
Aleksandr Ivanovich Lebed
Eduard Shevardnadze
Mohammad Omar
Insurgency against communist rule (1978–92)
The roots of the war lay in the overthrow of the centrist government of President Mohammad Daud Khan in April 1978 by left-wing military officers led by Nur Mohammad Taraki. Power was thereafter shared by two Marxist-Leninist political groups, the People’s (Khalq) Party and the Banner (Parcham) Party, which had earlier emerged from a single organization, the People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan, and had reunited in an uneasy coalition shortly before the coup. The new government, which had little popular support, forged close ties with the Soviet Union, launched ruthless purges of all domestic opposition, and began extensive land and social reforms that were bitterly resented by the devoutly Muslim and largely anticommunist population. Insurgencies arose against the government among both tribal and urban groups, and all of these—known collectively as the mujahideen (Arabic: mujāhidūn, “those who engage in jihad”)—were Islamic in orientation. These uprisings, along with internal fighting and coups within the government between the People’s and Banner factions, prompted the Soviets to invade the country in December 1979, sending in some 30,000 troops and toppling the short-lived presidency of People’s leader Hafizullah Amin. The aim of the Soviet operation was to prop up their new but faltering client state, now headed by Banner leader Babrak Karmal, but the mujahideen rebellion grew in response, spreading to all parts of the country. The Soviets initially left the suppression of the rebellion to the Afghan army, but the latter was beset by mass desertions and remained largely ineffective throughout the war.