describe the formation and divisions of the rich indo-gangetic plainin 500 words
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The Ganga along with its large number of tributaries originating in the Himalayan ranges, the Yamuna, the Gomati, the Ghaghara, the Gandak, the Kosi, etc. have brought large quantities of alluvium from the mountains and deposited it here to build this extensive plain.
The peninsular rivers such as Chambal, Betwa, Ken, Son, etc. joining the Ganga river system have also contributed to the formation of this plain. The general slope of the entire plain is to the east and south east. Depending upon its geographical variations, this plain can be further subdivided into the following three divisions:
(a) The Upper Ganga Plain.
(b) The Middle Ganga Plain.
(c) The Lower Ganga Plain.
(a) The Upper Ganga Plain:
Comprising the upper part of the Ganga Plain, this plain is delimited by the 300 m contour in Shiwaliks in the north, the Peninsular boundary in the south and the course of the Yamuna river in the west.
Formation :
This plain is about 550 km long in the east-west direction and nearly 380 km wide in north-south direction, covering an approximate area of 1.49 lakh sq km. Its elevation varies from 100 to 300 m above mean sea level.
The plain is drained by the Ganga and its tributaries like the Yamuna, the Ram Ganga, the Sarda, the Gomati and the Ghaghara rivers. Almost all the rivers follow NW-SE course concomitant with the lie of the land. The average gradient of the land is about 25 cm per km. The gradient is comparatively steep in the northern part.
The rivers flow sluggishly in the plain as the gradient decreases. The monotony of this flat and featureless plain is broken by the Tarai-Bhabar submontane belt and on micro level by the river bluffs, river meanders and oxbow lakes, levees, abandoned river courses, sandy stretches (Bhurs) and the river channels themselves.
The western part of this plain consists of comparatively higher Ganga-Yamuna Doab. East of this doab are the low lying Rohilkhand plains which merge into the Avadh plains further east. The Ghaghara is the main stream of the Avadh Plains.
The khadar of this river is very wide because the river meanders through this area. Moreover it often changes its course. At places this khadar is 55 km wide. Consequently, there is a consistent fear of devastating floods.
(b) The Middle Ganga Plain:
To the east of the Upper Ganga plain is Middle Ganga plain occupying eastern part of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. It measures about 600 km in east-west and nearly 330 km in north-south direction accounting for a total area of about 1.44 lakh sq km. Its northern and southern boundaries are well defined by the Himalayan foothills and the Peninsular edge respectively.
Its western and eastern boundaries are rather ill defined and the region is wide open on both the sides giving it the personality of the east-west continuum of the vast isotropic Ganga Plain. There is no physical boundary worth the name and the plain imperceptibly opens up in the west from out of the upper Ganga Plain and so invisibly dies out into the lower Ganga Plain in the east.
As such, it is a transitional region par excellence, interposed in the enormity of the Ganga Valley. However, several efforts have been made to demarcate the western and the eastern boundaries of this transitional zone.
The most accepted boundaries are those made by 100 m contour in the west, 75 m contour in the northeast and by 30 m contour in the south-east. Obviously this is a very low plain, no part of which exceeds 150 m in elevation.
This plain is drained by the Ghaghara, the Gandak and the Kosi rivers, all tributaries of the Ganga coming from the Himalayas.
Almost all the rivers keep on shifting their courses making this area prone to frequent floods. The Kosi River is very notorious in this respect. It used to flow near Purnea in 1736 and now its course is about 110 km west of it. At occasions its water level has risen by 10 metres in a short span of 24 hours.
Some rivers join the Ganga from the south also, the Son being the most important. Here the gradient is a bit steeper, 45 cm per km, as compared to 9-10 cm per km in east Uttar Pradesh and only 6 cm per km in the Mithila Plain. East of Son River is the Magadh Plain.
(c) The Lower Ganga Plain:
This plain includes the Kishanganj , the whole of West Bengal
The total area of this plain is about 81 thousand sq km. Its width varies greatly and it narrows down to a mere 16 km between the Rajmahal Hills and the Bangladesh border. The 50 m contour roughly corresponds with its western boundary.
The northern part of this plain has been formed by the sediment deposited by the Tista, Jaldhaka and Torsa.
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The peninsular rivers such as Chambal, Betwa, Ken, Son, etc. joining the Ganga river system have also contributed to the formation of this plain. The general slope of the entire plain is to the east and south east. Depending upon its geographical variations, this plain can be further subdivided into the following three divisions:
(a) The Upper Ganga Plain.
(b) The Middle Ganga Plain.
(c) The Lower Ganga Plain.
(a) The Upper Ganga Plain:
Comprising the upper part of the Ganga Plain, this plain is delimited by the 300 m contour in Shiwaliks in the north, the Peninsular boundary in the south and the course of the Yamuna river in the west.
Formation :
This plain is about 550 km long in the east-west direction and nearly 380 km wide in north-south direction, covering an approximate area of 1.49 lakh sq km. Its elevation varies from 100 to 300 m above mean sea level.
The plain is drained by the Ganga and its tributaries like the Yamuna, the Ram Ganga, the Sarda, the Gomati and the Ghaghara rivers. Almost all the rivers follow NW-SE course concomitant with the lie of the land. The average gradient of the land is about 25 cm per km. The gradient is comparatively steep in the northern part.
The rivers flow sluggishly in the plain as the gradient decreases. The monotony of this flat and featureless plain is broken by the Tarai-Bhabar submontane belt and on micro level by the river bluffs, river meanders and oxbow lakes, levees, abandoned river courses, sandy stretches (Bhurs) and the river channels themselves.
The western part of this plain consists of comparatively higher Ganga-Yamuna Doab. East of this doab are the low lying Rohilkhand plains which merge into the Avadh plains further east. The Ghaghara is the main stream of the Avadh Plains.
The khadar of this river is very wide because the river meanders through this area. Moreover it often changes its course. At places this khadar is 55 km wide. Consequently, there is a consistent fear of devastating floods.
(b) The Middle Ganga Plain:
To the east of the Upper Ganga plain is Middle Ganga plain occupying eastern part of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. It measures about 600 km in east-west and nearly 330 km in north-south direction accounting for a total area of about 1.44 lakh sq km. Its northern and southern boundaries are well defined by the Himalayan foothills and the Peninsular edge respectively.
Its western and eastern boundaries are rather ill defined and the region is wide open on both the sides giving it the personality of the east-west continuum of the vast isotropic Ganga Plain. There is no physical boundary worth the name and the plain imperceptibly opens up in the west from out of the upper Ganga Plain and so invisibly dies out into the lower Ganga Plain in the east.
As such, it is a transitional region par excellence, interposed in the enormity of the Ganga Valley. However, several efforts have been made to demarcate the western and the eastern boundaries of this transitional zone.
The most accepted boundaries are those made by 100 m contour in the west, 75 m contour in the northeast and by 30 m contour in the south-east. Obviously this is a very low plain, no part of which exceeds 150 m in elevation.
This plain is drained by the Ghaghara, the Gandak and the Kosi rivers, all tributaries of the Ganga coming from the Himalayas.
Almost all the rivers keep on shifting their courses making this area prone to frequent floods. The Kosi River is very notorious in this respect. It used to flow near Purnea in 1736 and now its course is about 110 km west of it. At occasions its water level has risen by 10 metres in a short span of 24 hours.
Some rivers join the Ganga from the south also, the Son being the most important. Here the gradient is a bit steeper, 45 cm per km, as compared to 9-10 cm per km in east Uttar Pradesh and only 6 cm per km in the Mithila Plain. East of Son River is the Magadh Plain.
(c) The Lower Ganga Plain:
This plain includes the Kishanganj , the whole of West Bengal
The total area of this plain is about 81 thousand sq km. Its width varies greatly and it narrows down to a mere 16 km between the Rajmahal Hills and the Bangladesh border. The 50 m contour roughly corresponds with its western boundary.
The northern part of this plain has been formed by the sediment deposited by the Tista, Jaldhaka and Torsa.
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