Describe the modern methods employed for the exploration of natural resources.
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Write a detailed account on the origin of agriculture and civilization
Ans: There s no historical evidence to tell us exactly how agriculture arose. We can only guess what may have happened. Cultivation of grains may have arisen without any violent break from food gathering. In regions well stretched with wild grains, enough seeds would get scattered around to produce crops with reaping. Agriculture, probably, resulted from the understanding that plants could be grown from seeds and that crops had some relations to the season.
And, probably, the availability of water helped in the process. Cultivation, however, marked a break from the primitive era, as human beings sopped being dependent on nature and started to control their livelihood and destiny.
Cultivation necessarily meant permanent or semi-permanent settlements around regions that were climatically and soil-wise suitable for crop production. These settlements grew into villages with some community life and leisure. It is natural that the settlements established in regions most suitable for cultivation, developed the fastest.
Thus, we see that in this period, from about 4000 B.C to 1500 B.C the four great civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, India and China came into existence in the wide river valleys of the Nile, the Tigris, the Euphrates, the Indus and the Hwang Ho respectively. The Indus valley civilization of which we are nthe descendants is dated between 2700 B.C to 1750 B.C.
Growth of Cities – The people of those tomes came to understand very well the advantage offered by the river for food production. They also came to revise that if the river could be systematically used through natural and artificial irrigation food production could be increased manifold.
However, this could be achieved best, not by one village alone but by several villages getting together. Further, barter trade led to some places being identified as meeting places for the exchanges. Convenient sites were chosen for goods and exchanging grains of cloth or spices or shopping for better tools and implements made by expert artisans.
Some evidence suggests that cities were founded by bringing together population of several villages. The growth of cities led to rise of an administrative class who could organize and coordinate production and exchange but did not take part in it directly.
We find that the growth of cities was helped by another feature of this new mod of production Ma started producing much more that he could consume locally. There all people in agricultural societies did not have to be agriculturists. They could produce other goods and even excel in music or dance. The surplus could be used to support craftsmen who made the agricultural implements and storage vessels, masons who built shelters, wheelwrights who made pottery, and others who made carts.
There were still others who worked as administrators and priests, and who were not directly involved in the process of production. These groups of peoples came to live in the cities.
Ans: There s no historical evidence to tell us exactly how agriculture arose. We can only guess what may have happened. Cultivation of grains may have arisen without any violent break from food gathering. In regions well stretched with wild grains, enough seeds would get scattered around to produce crops with reaping. Agriculture, probably, resulted from the understanding that plants could be grown from seeds and that crops had some relations to the season.
And, probably, the availability of water helped in the process. Cultivation, however, marked a break from the primitive era, as human beings sopped being dependent on nature and started to control their livelihood and destiny.
Cultivation necessarily meant permanent or semi-permanent settlements around regions that were climatically and soil-wise suitable for crop production. These settlements grew into villages with some community life and leisure. It is natural that the settlements established in regions most suitable for cultivation, developed the fastest.
Thus, we see that in this period, from about 4000 B.C to 1500 B.C the four great civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, India and China came into existence in the wide river valleys of the Nile, the Tigris, the Euphrates, the Indus and the Hwang Ho respectively. The Indus valley civilization of which we are nthe descendants is dated between 2700 B.C to 1750 B.C.
Growth of Cities – The people of those tomes came to understand very well the advantage offered by the river for food production. They also came to revise that if the river could be systematically used through natural and artificial irrigation food production could be increased manifold.
However, this could be achieved best, not by one village alone but by several villages getting together. Further, barter trade led to some places being identified as meeting places for the exchanges. Convenient sites were chosen for goods and exchanging grains of cloth or spices or shopping for better tools and implements made by expert artisans.
Some evidence suggests that cities were founded by bringing together population of several villages. The growth of cities led to rise of an administrative class who could organize and coordinate production and exchange but did not take part in it directly.
We find that the growth of cities was helped by another feature of this new mod of production Ma started producing much more that he could consume locally. There all people in agricultural societies did not have to be agriculturists. They could produce other goods and even excel in music or dance. The surplus could be used to support craftsmen who made the agricultural implements and storage vessels, masons who built shelters, wheelwrights who made pottery, and others who made carts.
There were still others who worked as administrators and priests, and who were not directly involved in the process of production. These groups of peoples came to live in the cities.
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