Describe the modifications in stem, both above and below the ground, using diagrams.
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Underground Modifications of Stem
Some underground stems are modified for food storage and to survive under unfavourable conditions. Some underground stem modifications are:
Rhizome
These are non-green with distinct nodes and internodes. There are auxiliary as well as apical buds. These are brownish in colour. The common types of rhizomes are fleshy due to the storage of food material. It also contains terminal buds. E.g., ginger
The rhizome rootstock grows vertically upwards instead of horizontal. Banana and Alocasia indica are some examples of the rhizome.
Bulb
Many fleshy scale leaves are present. The base of the bulb consists of a cluster of adventitious roots. E.g., onion, garlic.
The bulb may be tunicated or scaley. A sheath of dry membranous scale leaves covers the tunicated bulb. A scaley bulb contains no tunic.
Corm
This condensed form of the stem grows in the vertical direction. It is spherical in shape with a flattened base. It has distinct nodes and internodes. Adventitious roots are present either at the base or all over the body. The auxiliary buds are present on the sides. E.g., Colocasia.
Tuber
It is a fleshy part of the plant which stores food. Potato is the most common tuber largely used as food. The lower part of the potato gets covered by the earth where the adventitious branches grow. It is covered with a number of depressions called “eye” and each eye represents a node. It does not contain adventitious roots. These are largely used as food and grow very slowly.
Sub-aerial Modifications FOLLOW ME AND MARK AS BRAINLIST