Describe the most popular places in Hampi.
20. Discuss the reasons for the rise of Capital Towns. Mention proper examples.
21. Write in detail about Tundra Vegetation.
22. Differentiate between tropical evergreen and tropical Deciduous forests. (Any Four Points)
23. Compare rural settlement with urban settlement.
24. Write short notes on Major water ways of the world.
25. Mention the factors responsible for gender Inequality.
26. Name the social reformers and mention the reforms introduced by them for the upliftment of women
explain all questions
Answers
Answer:
Hampi: An Architectural Splendour
Hampi is a village in northern Karnataka. It was located in the ruins of the city of Vijayanagara (once the capital of the the Vijayanagara Empire).
By archeological findings, we know that the city was well fortified but no cementing material was used for binding the bricks or stones, rather they were wedged together by interlocking.
The architecture in there was splendid, consisting of the royal buildings with arches, domes, pillared halls, sculptures, well-designed gardens and orchards.
In the 15th and the 16th centuries, Hampi became the centre for various cultural and commercial activities. The markets consisted of traders such as Moors (name used for muslim merchants), the Chettis and the Portuguese.
The cultural activities included celebration of various festivals such as Mahanavami (known as Navaratri now in the sothern part of India), one of the most important festivals of Hampi. Temples became the centre for not only worship but also for the development of various religious and cultural traditions such as that of 'devadasis' (the temple dancers).
Archaeologists have also found the Mahanavami platform, that the kings used to hold meetings and from where they watched various music and dance performances and wrestling matches.
Inspite of all these developments, Hampi, the cultural capital, started deteriorating after the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire, as it was defeated by the Deccani Sultans- rulers of the Golconda, Bijapur, Ahmadnagar, Berar and Bidar.
Surat and Trade
The city of Surat was cosmopolitan as people of all castes and creeds lived there. During the Mughal period, Surat, Cambay (present day Khambhat) and later Ahmedabad carried out trade with the west.
It was also called the gate to Mecca as the pilgrim ships set sail from here.
In the 17th century, the Protuguese, the Dutch and the English set up their factories and warehouses in Surat. Textile industry of Surat has been famous for its Zari Work (intricate art of weaving threads of fine gold and silver) and has a market in West asia, Africe and Europe.
Architecture of the city included magnificent buildings, many rest houses, pleasure parks, huge banking houses (set up by Kathiawad seths or Mahajans). The 'hundis' (financial instrument developed in the medieval times for use in trade and credit transactions) of Surat were honoured in markets of Cairo in Egypt, Basra in Iraq, and Antwerp in Belgium.
Towards the end of the 17th century, Surat began to decline as the trade capital because of many reasons like the decline of the Mughal Empire and resulting in the loss of markets and productivity, control over the sea routes by the Portuguese and competition from Bombay (present day Mumbai) as the East India Company shifted its headquarters there in 1668. However, Surat is a bustling commercial centre of Gujarat today.
Masulipatnam
The town of Masulipatnam is located on the bank of river Krishna.
In the 17th century, the English and the Dutch East India Companies tried to control the town as it became the most important port of the coast near Andhra Pradesh.
The Golconda rulers established royal monopolies on the sale of the textiles, spices etc. to prevent the various East India Companies to control them completely. But due to this competition between the Golconda nobles, Persian merchants, Telugu Komati Chettis, and European traders – made the city populous and prosperous.
The Mughals in the 17th century started extending their power to Golconda and in 1686-1687, Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb conquered Golconda. Thus the East India Companies then devised a new policy which described that the new trading centres should combine the political, administrative and commercial roles.
In the 18th century, Masulipatnam declined and lost its merchants and prosperity as the Company traders moved to Bombay, Calcutta (present-day Kolkata) and Madras (present-day Chennai).