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Describe the
settlements of the European companies in india
Answers
Explanation:
A new policy was adopted in 1505, by which a Governor was to be appointed on a three-year term. Francisco de Almeida was the first Portuguese Governor (1505-09) who defeated the combined alliance of the Sultans of Gujarat, Bijapur and the Egyptians in 1509 in a naval battle near Diu.
It was Alfonso de Albuquerque who laid the real foundation of Portuguese power in India. He first came to India in 1503 as the commander of a squadron and was appointed Governor of Portuguese affairs in India in 1509.
In November, 1510, he captured the rich port of Goa from the Bijapuri ruler with a view to secure a permanent Portuguese population, he encouraged his countrymen to marry Indian wives; but one serious drawback of his policy was his bitter persecution of the Muslims. He maintained friendly relations with Vijayanagar and even tried to secure the goodwill of Bijapur. He died at Goa in 1515 leaving the Portuguese as the strongest naval power in India.
Nino da Cunha the Portuguese Governor (1529-38) transferred his capital from Cochin to Goa in 1530 and acquired Diu and Bassein (1534) from Bahadur Shah of Gujarat. The next important Governor was Martin Alfonso de Souza (1542-45) along with whom the famous Jesuit saint Francisco Xavier arrived in India. The Portuguese Indian Church was organised under his guidance.
Portuguese settlements in India:
The successors of Albuquerque established settlements at Diu, Daman, Salsette, Bassein, Chaul and Bombay, San Thome near Madras and Hugli in Bengal. In 1534, the Portuguese secured permission from the Sultan of Bengal to build factories at Satgaon (called Porto Piqueno, little port) and Chittagong (Porto Grande, great port.)
Decline of the Portuguese:
The Portuguese monopoly of the Indian Ocean remained unbroken till 1595 but gradually lost many of the her settlements in India. Shah Jahan captured Hugli in 1632. In 1661, the king of Portugal gave Bombay as dowry to Charles II of England when he married Catherine of Braganza, the sister of Portuguese king.
The Marathas captured Salsette and Bassein in 1739. In the end the Portuguese were left only with Goa, Diu and Daman, which they retained till 1961. The decline of Portuguese power in India was due to several internal and external factors.
Following are some of the main causes:
i. The Portuguese failed to evolve an efficient system of administration.
ii. Their religious intolerance provoked the hostility of the Indian rulers and the people.
iii. Their clandestine practises in trade went against them, one of which was the Cartaze system by which every Indian ship sailing to a destination not reserved by the Portuguese for their own trade had to buy passes from the Portuguese Viceroy to avoid seizures and confiscation of its merchandise as contraband.
iv. The discovery of Brazil drew the colonising activities of Portugal to the west.
v. The Portuguese failed to compete successfully with the other European companies.
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