Describe the steps involved in
biological method taking malaria as
an example.
Answers
Answer:
Malaria results in infection after the bite of the female anopheles mosquito. The parasites enter the bloodstream. as a result of this there is predominant infection. The parasite migrate to the liver where it migrate it replicates.
In addition to this there is also increase in the the number of the parasite. The breakdown more number of RBC resulting in the causing of more infection.
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Explanation:
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Answer:
The steps involved in Biological method are:
1. Recognition of Biological Problem
Biologists go for adopting biological method when they encounter some biological problem. A biological problem is a question related to living organism that is either asked by someone or comes in biologist’s mind by himself. Malaria is a biological problem as it is a disease that spreads in living organisms.
2. Observations
As the first step in solving a biological problem, biologists recall his/her previous observations or make new ones. Observations are made with five senses of vision, hearing, smell, taste and touch. Some of the observations made were that
Malaria and marshy areas have some connection.
Quinine is an effective drug for treating malaria.
Drinking the water of marshes does not cause malaria.
People who slept outdoors were more likely to get malaria than those who slept indoors.
People who slept who slept under fine nets were less likely to get malaria than people who did not use such nets.
Individuals who slept near a smoky fire usually did not get malaria.
3. Formulation of Hypothesis
Observations do not become scientific observations until they are organized and related to a question. Biologists organize his/her and other’s observations into data form and construct a statement that may prove to be the answer of the biological problem under study. The tentative explanation of observations is called hypothesis. The hypothesis made for the spread of malaria was that, “Mosquitoes transmit Plasmodium and so are involved in the spread of malaria”.
4. Deductions
Biologists draw deductions from hypotheses. Deductions are the logical consequences of hypotheses. For this purpose, the hypothesis is taken as true and expected results (deductions) are drawn from it. This involves the use of “if-then” logic. Following deductions were made considering the hypothesis as true i.e. if mosquitoes are involved in the spread of malaria then;
“Plasmodium should be present in mosquitoes.”
“A mosquito can get Plasmodium by biting a malarial patient.”
5. Experimentation
The most basic step of Biological method is experimentation. Biologists perform experiments to see if hypotheses are true or not. The deductions which are drawn from hypotheses are subjected to rigorous testing. Through experimentation, biologist learns which hypothesis is correct. The incorrect hypotheses are rejected and one which proves correct is accepted. The experiments done during malaria were the testing of Plasmodium in 100 healthy persons and 100 malarial patients and sparrows to be bitten by mosquitoes that had already bitten a malarial patient.
6. Summarization of Results
Biologists gather actual, quantitative data from experiments. Data for each of the group are then averaged and compared statistically. To draw conclusions, biologists also use Statistical analysis. When scientists experimentally observed that a mosquito that had bitten a malarial patient bites a healthy man who later becomes ill with malaria, they came to know that mosquitoes transmit malaria.
7. Reporting the Results
Biologists publish their findings in scientific journals and books, in talks at national and international meetings and in seminars at colleges and universities. Publishing of results is an important part of scientific method. It allows other people to verify the results or apply the knowledge to solve other problems.