describe the steps of spermatogenesis
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Spermatogenesis” refers to a process, in which a matured “sperm” is produced from a male germ cell. ... These spermatogonial cells generate primary spermatocytes by mitotic division. So, the primary stem cell is diploid.
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Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid spermatozoa develop from germ cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testis. This process starts with the mitotic division of the stem cells located close to the basement membrane of the tubules. These cells are called spermatogonial stem cells
i) The Multiplication Phase:
The undifferentiated germ cells or primordial cells contain large-sized and chromatin rich nuclei. These cells multiply by repeated mitotic divisions and produce the cells which are known as the spermatogonia (Gr., sperma = sperm or seed; gone = offspring). Each spermatogonium is diploid and contains 2X number or chromosomes.
(ii) The Growth Phase:
In the growth phase, the spermatogonial cells accumulate large amount of nutrition and chromatin material. Now each spermatogonial cell is known as the primary spermatocyte.

(iii) The Maturation Phase:
The primary spermatocytes are ready for first meiotic or maturation division. The homologous chromosomes start pairing (synapsis), each homologous chromosome splits longitudinally and by the chiasma formation the exchange of genetic material or crossing over takes place between the chromatids of the homologous chromosomes. The DNA amount is duplicated in the beginning of the division.
By first meiotic division or homotypic division, two secondary spermatocytes are formed. Each secondary spermatocyte is haploid and contains X number of chromosomes. Each secondary spermatocyte passes through the second maturation or second meiotic or heterotypic division and produces two spermatids.
Thus, by a meiotic or maturation division, a diploid spermatogonium produces four haploid spermatids. These spermatids cannot act directly as the gametes so they have to pass through the next phase, the spermiogenesis.
i) The Multiplication Phase:
The undifferentiated germ cells or primordial cells contain large-sized and chromatin rich nuclei. These cells multiply by repeated mitotic divisions and produce the cells which are known as the spermatogonia (Gr., sperma = sperm or seed; gone = offspring). Each spermatogonium is diploid and contains 2X number or chromosomes.
(ii) The Growth Phase:
In the growth phase, the spermatogonial cells accumulate large amount of nutrition and chromatin material. Now each spermatogonial cell is known as the primary spermatocyte.

(iii) The Maturation Phase:
The primary spermatocytes are ready for first meiotic or maturation division. The homologous chromosomes start pairing (synapsis), each homologous chromosome splits longitudinally and by the chiasma formation the exchange of genetic material or crossing over takes place between the chromatids of the homologous chromosomes. The DNA amount is duplicated in the beginning of the division.
By first meiotic division or homotypic division, two secondary spermatocytes are formed. Each secondary spermatocyte is haploid and contains X number of chromosomes. Each secondary spermatocyte passes through the second maturation or second meiotic or heterotypic division and produces two spermatids.
Thus, by a meiotic or maturation division, a diploid spermatogonium produces four haploid spermatids. These spermatids cannot act directly as the gametes so they have to pass through the next phase, the spermiogenesis.
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