Question

Describe the three phases of calvin cycle

Answer 1

The Calvin cycle has three stages. In stage 1, the enzyme RuBisCO incorporates carbon dioxide into an organic molecule. In stage 2, the organic molecule is reduced. In stage 3, RuBP, the molecule that starts the cycle, is regenerated so that the cycle can continue.




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Answer 2

Explanation:

Calvin cycle was discovered by Melvin Calvin while radioactive studies of alga. It occurs in all photosynthetic plants whether they have C_{3}C3 or C_{4}C4 pathway.

Calvin cycle can be described under three stages:

Carboxylation: It is the fixation of CO_{2}CO2 into a stable organic intermediate. In this, CO_{2}CO2 is utilised for the carboxylation of RuBP. This reaction is catalysed by the enzyme RuBisCO and it results in the formation of two molecules of 3-PGA (3-Phosphoglyceric acid).

Reduction: These reactions lead to the formation of glucose. The steps involve utilisation of two molecules of ATP for phosphorylation and two of NADPH for reduction, per molecule of CO_{2}CO2 fixed. The fixation of six molecules of CO_{2}CO2 and six turns of the cycle are required for the removal of one molecule of glucose from the pathway.

Regeneration: For the cycle to continue uninterrupted, regeneration of the CO_{2}CO2acceptor molecule is crucial. This step requires one ATP for phosphorylation to form RuBP. To make one molecule of glucose, six turns of the cycle are required. 18 ATP and 12 NADPH molecules are used to make a molecule of glucose. Hence, for every CO_{2}CO2molecule entering the Calvin cycle, three molecules of ATP and two molecules of NADPH are required.