Question

Describe the two ideal types of societies based on the structure of social relationships and the degree of shared values among societal members that German sociologist Ferdinand Tonnies distinguished.

Answer 1

Barter

The exchange of one good for another.

All of the following are examples of preindustrial societies except

Postindustrial

Postindustrial society

Society that places emphasis on the roles of science and education.
- Economy provides information and services
- Computers support and information based economy
- Major social changes
- Improved quality of life
- Wage increase
- Technological advances
- Personal rights
Bell (1973)

The concentration of the population in cities, 
causes a change in the location and the nature of the work

A ____ is the way society uses technology to provide for the needs of its members.

All of the following are types of societies except

Economic

Industrial society

Society where emphasis shifts from production of food to production of manufactured goods.
- Emphasis shifts from the production of food to the production of manufactured goods
- 1750 to present day
- Production through the use of machines

Which term describes societies where increased job specialization forces members to depend on one another for aspects of their survival?

NOT Subsistence strategy
Organic solidarity

Pastoral society

Society that lives a nomadic life and relies on domesticated animals.
- 12,000 years ago
- Decreased after 3000 BC
- Rely on domesticated herd animals 
Group
A group is a set of two or more people who interact on the basis of shared expectations and who possess some degree of common identity.
- Basketball team

Subsistence strategies

Subsistence strategies are ways in which a society uses technology to provide for the needs of its members.

Hunting and gathering societies

Hunting and gathering societies are types of societies characterized by the daily collection of wild plants and the hunting of wild animals as the main form of subsistence. Move around in search for food.

Division of labor

Division of labor refers to specialization by individuals or groups in the performance of specific economic activities.
- Crafts, jewelry, tools

Mechanical solidarity

Mechanical solidarity refers to close-knit social relationships common in pre-industrial societies that result when a small group of people share the same values and perform the same tasks.
- Amish

Organic solidarity

Organic solidarity refers to impersonal social relationships, common in industrial societies, that arise with increased job specialization.
- Dependent on others for survival 
- Construction industry

Types of Societies

1. Pre-industrial 
2. Industrial
3. Postindustrial

Pre-industrial societies

Focus on food production carried out through human or animal labor
- Only type of society until 12,000 years ago
- Use of primitive weapons
- Family-centered
- Little social inequality
1. Hunting and gathering societies
2. Pastoral societies
3. Horticultural societies
4. Agricultural societies

Horticultural societies

Source of food through fruits and vegetables
Barter exchange

Acts as a marketplace for members to buy and sell products and services among themselves
In a preindustrial society, food production is the main economic activity. Preindustrial societies can be subdivided according to their level of technology and their method of producing food. Hunting and gathering is one of the subdivisions of the preindustrial society. The main form of food production in hunting and gathering societies is the daily collection of wild plants and the hunting of wild animals. Hunter-gatherers move around constantly in search of food. As a result, they do not build permanent villages or create a wide variety of artifacts. The need for mobility also limits the size of hunting and gathering societies. Such societies generally consist of fewer than 60 people and rarely exceed 100 people. Statuses within the group are relatively equal, and decisions are reached through general agreement. The family forms the main social unit, with most societal members being related by birth or by marriage. This type of organization requires the family to carry out most social functions--including production and education.
He called these two types of societies Gemeinschaft, the German word meaning "community," and Gesellschaft, the German word meaning "society." Gemeinschaft refers to societies in which most members know one another. Relationships in such societies are close, and activities center on the family and the community. In a Gemeinschaft, people share a strong sense of group solidarity. A preindustrial society or a rural village in a more complex society are examples of a Gemeinschaft. In a Gesellschaft most social relationships are based on need rather than on emotion. Thus, relationships in a Gesellschaft are impersonal and often temporary. Traditional values are generally weak in such societies, and individual goals are more important than group goals. A modern urban soci

Answer 2

German sociologist Ferdinand Tonnies distinguished. between 2 types of societies: Gemeinschaft, meaning "community," and Gesellschaft, meaning "society." Gemeinschaft refers refers to societies wherein most participants are familiar with each other. Relations in these societies  are close-knit, and family and group activities are the main focus. In a Gemeinschaft, individuals feel a powerful sense of collective cohesion in a society.

Explanation

• A pre-industrial society or a rural village in a more complex society are examples of a Gemeinschaft. In general, pre-industrial societies share certain social characteristics and modes of political and cultural organisation, including small production, a predominantly agricultural economy, limited division of labour, limited social class differentiation and strong parochialism. Exampes of Gemeinschaft are unter-gatherer societies and feudal societies. Most social ties in a Gesellschaft are based on need rather than emotion. Relationships in a Gesellschaft  are often impersonal and sometimes temporary. In such societies, conventional values are typically low and individual goals are more important than group goals. An example of a this type of society is a new urban society  such as the United States.
• In Gemeinschaft, relationships evolved from personal emotional attachments  and  interactions of personal nature arising from social encounters, which he referred to as "natural will,". Such relations were significant in the traditional world of feudalism, as well as a reflection of shared traits  especially personal loyalty to the family, ethnic ties,  feudal ranks, shared religious community, and professional membership. High-ranking nobles thus associated with each other only, low-level peasants only associated  with one another, as were baker guild leaders, militias and other feudal grouping leaders. Such Group ties are sustained not simply by productivity in the market, but by private feeling and loyalty. In more modern Gesellschaft societies,, interactions, by comparison, were more "rational." These interactions represented impersonal relationships that had been mediated by money or, in particular, cash wages, or defined as rational will.  Such analyses were done by measuring cash incomes, votes, prices and other individual benefit measures.
• Gemeinschaft-based relationships tend to be affectual, while Gesellschaft relationships tend to be instrumental