Describe the uses and principle of SONAR and. RADAR??
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Your returning voice is called an echo. Radar and sonar are electronic devices that use the principle of an echo to detect and locate objects. Both radar and sonar locate objects from the echo of a signal that is bounced off the object. Radar uses radio waves, which are a type of electromagnetic energy.
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Radar
The word "radar" was formed from the first letters of the term "radio detection and ranging." A radio wave is a type of electromagnetic radiation. (Microwaves, X-rays, and light waves are other types.) It is the fundamental part of this form of technology. "Detection," as used here, means finding an object or target by sending out a radio signal that will bounce back off the target as a radio echo. "Ranging" means measuring the distance to the target from the radar set (the device that sends out the radio signal and picks up the returning echo).
How Radar Works
Radar sets, also called radar systems, come in many different sizes, depending on the job they are expected to do. But all have four main parts -- a transmitter, an antenna, a receiver, and an indicator (display screen). The transmitter produces the radio waves. When a radio wave strikes an object such as an airplane, part of the wave is reflected back to the radar set. The signal is detected by the antenna as a radio echo. The returning echo is sent to the receiver, where its strength is increased, or amplified. The echo is usually displayed as an image that can be seen on the indicator.
The usual type of indicator is the plan position indicator, or PPI. On the face of its large tube, the operator sees a map-like picture of the surrounding region. This picture looks as if it were made looking down at the area from high above the radar set. On the indicator, the echoes appear as bright spots, called blips. The blips show where land areas are located. Blips also show the position of targets, such as planes and ships. The radar operator can pick out these targets because they are moving, while the land areas are not.
The location of the target in relation to the radar set is found in a different way. The radar antenna sends out radio pulses in a narrow beam, much like the beam of a flashlight. The antenna and its beam are rotated slowly through all possible directions, searching the entire horizon for targets. An echo is reflected from a ship or other object only if the narrow beam happens to strike it. The returning echoes are amplified by the receiver, then go to the indicator, which displays the range and direction of the target.
Uses of Radar
Radar has both military and civilian uses. The most common civilian use is to help navigate ships and planes. Radar sets carried on a ship or located at an airport pick up echoes from other ships and planes and help prevent collisions. On ships, they also pick up echoes from buoys in channels when the ships enter or leave port. Radar sets help commercial airplanes land when visibility is bad or in the event of mechanical .
Historically, there have been two main military uses of radar: search radar and fire-control radar. Search radar is the kind already discussed. It continually searches the horizon to find targets. Fire-control radar helps aim a gun or missile so that it will hit the target when fired and must be more accurate than search radar. The U.S. military has also developed specialized types of radar. For example, Miniature Synthetic Aperture Radar (MSAR) is used on aircraft to provide high-quality images in all kinds of weather.
Sonar
The word "sonar" comes from the first letters of "sound navigation ranging." Sonar can detect and locate objects under the sea by echoes, much as porpoises and other marine animals navigate using their natural sonar systems.
How Sonar Works
There are two types of sonar sets: active and passive. An active sonar set sends out sound pulses called pings, then receives the returning sound echo. Passive sonar sets receive sound echoes without transmitting their own sound signals.
Some sonar sets emit sounds you can hear. Other sonar signals are pitched so high that the human ear cannot hear them. These signals are called ultrasonic waves. ("Ultra" means "beyond," and "sonic" means "sound.") The sonar set has a special receiver that can pick up the returning echoes. The location of underwater objects can then be determined by the length of time that elapses between sending the signal and hearing the returning echo.
Uses of Sonar
Sonar has many uses. Submarines use sonar to detect other vessels. Sonar is also used to measure the depth of water, by means of a device called a Fathometer. (One fathom equals 6 feet, or about 1.8 meters.) The Fathometer measures the time it takes for a sound pulse to reach the bottom of the sea and return to the ship.
The same principle is used in searching for oil on land. A sonar pulse is sent into the ground. Echoes come back from the different layers of soil and rock and tell geologists what kinds of soils and rocks are present. This helps them identify areas for drilling that are most likely to contain oil or gas. This subterranean mapping is called seismic exploration.
The word "radar" was formed from the first letters of the term "radio detection and ranging." A radio wave is a type of electromagnetic radiation. (Microwaves, X-rays, and light waves are other types.) It is the fundamental part of this form of technology. "Detection," as used here, means finding an object or target by sending out a radio signal that will bounce back off the target as a radio echo. "Ranging" means measuring the distance to the target from the radar set (the device that sends out the radio signal and picks up the returning echo).
How Radar Works
Radar sets, also called radar systems, come in many different sizes, depending on the job they are expected to do. But all have four main parts -- a transmitter, an antenna, a receiver, and an indicator (display screen). The transmitter produces the radio waves. When a radio wave strikes an object such as an airplane, part of the wave is reflected back to the radar set. The signal is detected by the antenna as a radio echo. The returning echo is sent to the receiver, where its strength is increased, or amplified. The echo is usually displayed as an image that can be seen on the indicator.
The usual type of indicator is the plan position indicator, or PPI. On the face of its large tube, the operator sees a map-like picture of the surrounding region. This picture looks as if it were made looking down at the area from high above the radar set. On the indicator, the echoes appear as bright spots, called blips. The blips show where land areas are located. Blips also show the position of targets, such as planes and ships. The radar operator can pick out these targets because they are moving, while the land areas are not.
The location of the target in relation to the radar set is found in a different way. The radar antenna sends out radio pulses in a narrow beam, much like the beam of a flashlight. The antenna and its beam are rotated slowly through all possible directions, searching the entire horizon for targets. An echo is reflected from a ship or other object only if the narrow beam happens to strike it. The returning echoes are amplified by the receiver, then go to the indicator, which displays the range and direction of the target.
Uses of Radar
Radar has both military and civilian uses. The most common civilian use is to help navigate ships and planes. Radar sets carried on a ship or located at an airport pick up echoes from other ships and planes and help prevent collisions. On ships, they also pick up echoes from buoys in channels when the ships enter or leave port. Radar sets help commercial airplanes land when visibility is bad or in the event of mechanical .
Historically, there have been two main military uses of radar: search radar and fire-control radar. Search radar is the kind already discussed. It continually searches the horizon to find targets. Fire-control radar helps aim a gun or missile so that it will hit the target when fired and must be more accurate than search radar. The U.S. military has also developed specialized types of radar. For example, Miniature Synthetic Aperture Radar (MSAR) is used on aircraft to provide high-quality images in all kinds of weather.
Sonar
The word "sonar" comes from the first letters of "sound navigation ranging." Sonar can detect and locate objects under the sea by echoes, much as porpoises and other marine animals navigate using their natural sonar systems.
How Sonar Works
There are two types of sonar sets: active and passive. An active sonar set sends out sound pulses called pings, then receives the returning sound echo. Passive sonar sets receive sound echoes without transmitting their own sound signals.
Some sonar sets emit sounds you can hear. Other sonar signals are pitched so high that the human ear cannot hear them. These signals are called ultrasonic waves. ("Ultra" means "beyond," and "sonic" means "sound.") The sonar set has a special receiver that can pick up the returning echoes. The location of underwater objects can then be determined by the length of time that elapses between sending the signal and hearing the returning echo.
Uses of Sonar
Sonar has many uses. Submarines use sonar to detect other vessels. Sonar is also used to measure the depth of water, by means of a device called a Fathometer. (One fathom equals 6 feet, or about 1.8 meters.) The Fathometer measures the time it takes for a sound pulse to reach the bottom of the sea and return to the ship.
The same principle is used in searching for oil on land. A sonar pulse is sent into the ground. Echoes come back from the different layers of soil and rock and tell geologists what kinds of soils and rocks are present. This helps them identify areas for drilling that are most likely to contain oil or gas. This subterranean mapping is called seismic exploration.
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