Describe the various parts of a nuclear reactor.
Answers
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Nuclear reactor or atomic reactor or atomic pile: -
→The reactor is the furnace of the atomic age, the place where fissionable material is burnt for useful purposes.
→It is essentially an instrument designed to allow a nuclear chain to develop, under control.
→All the neutrons produced are not allowed to carry out the chain reaction.
A fission reactor has five main components:
(i) fuel
→Either imrlched uranium or natural uranium is usually used as fuel Heterogeneous reactors employ the fuel in the form of rods, plates or hollow cylinders.
→Homogeneous reactors employ solution of the fuel prepared in the moderator.
(ii) Moderator
→ The most efficient fission reactions occur with slow neutrons. Thus, the fast neutrons ejected during fission must be slowed down by collisions with atoms of comparable mass that do not absorb them. Such materials are called moderators .
→The most commonly used moderators are ordinary water and graphite.
(iii) control rods
→Boron or cadmium steel rods are used as control rods.
→These rods absorb neutrons and thereby control the rate of fission,
(iv) cooling system
→Liquid alloy of sodium and potassium
is used as coolant; it takes away the heat to the exchanger.
→Heavy water, polyphenyls and carbon dioxide have also been used as coolants.
(v) Shielding
→The reactor is enclosed in a steel containment vessel, which is housed in a thick-walled concrete building.
→Operating people are protected by a shield of compressed wood fibres.
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