Question

describe the various restrictions imposed on the pastoral groups in africa from the late 19th century .what were its effects ?

Answer 1

a. The lives of African pastoralists have changed dramatically during the colonial period.
b. In 1885, Maasailand was cut into half with an international boundary between the British Kenya and German Tanganyika. Due to which it lost its best grazing land . The Maasai lost 60% of their pre-colonial lands​.
c. The British colonial government also encouraged local peasant communities to expand cultivation therby converting pasture lands into cultivated fields.
d. Large areas of grazing land were also turned into game reserves like the Maasai Mara and Samburu National Park in Kenya. Pastoralists were not allowed to enter these reserves.
e. This indeed created pressure on small pieces of land that Massai's were confined to.
f. Feeding the cattle became a problem as quality and quantity of fodder was effected.
g. Massai's were cut off from the best grazing lands and forced to live within a semi-arid tract prone to frequent droughts
h. New laws and regulations took away their land and restricted their movement.
i. Grazing ground shrank for both communities.
j.New laws & new borders affected the pattern of the movements of both the communities.
k. They lost their grazing ground which were converted into reserves, they could neither hunt animals nor graze their herds, lost their customary rights, taxes were imposed on every cattle they grazed.

Answer 2

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a.) The following restrictions were imposed on the pastoral groups:-

• To live within the confines of special reserves.

• Not allowed to move out with their stock without special permits.

• Server punishments in case of disobedience.

• Not allowed to enter the markets in white areas.

• Prohibited from participating in any form of trade.

• These restrictions adversely affected their pastoral and trading activities. Earlier they looked after their animal herds as well as trade in various products. The restrictions did not entirely stop their trading activities but all they were now subject to various restrictions.