Describethe types and role of signals in communication among animals
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
Introduction
Below are some common types of signals:
Pheromones—chemicals
Auditory cues—sounds
Visual cues
Tactile cues—touch
In some cases, signals can even be electric!
Where does this diversity of communication behaviors come from? Like other traits, communication behaviors—and/or the capacity for learning these behaviors—arise through natural selection. Heritable communication behaviors that increase an organism's likelihood of surviving and reproducing will tend to persist and become common in a population or species.
In the rest of the article, we'll look at some examples of the many ways that animals can communicate with one another.
Pheromones
A pheromone is a secreted chemical signal used to trigger a response in another individual of the same species. Pheromones are especially common among social insects, such as ants and bees. Pheromones may attract the opposite sex, raise an alarm, mark a food trail, or trigger other, more complex behaviors.
The diagram below shows pheromone trails laid down by ants to direct others in the colony to sources of food. When a food source is rich, ants will deposit pheromone on both the outgoing and return legs of their trip, building up the trail and attracting more ants. When the food source is about to run out, the ants will stop adding pheromone on the way back, letting the trail fade out
Auditory signals
Auditory communication—communication based on sound—is widely used in the animal kingdom.
Auditory communication is particularly important in birds, who use sounds to convey warnings, attract mates, defend territories, and coordinate group behaviors. Some birds also produce birdsong, vocalizations that are relatively long and melodic and tend to be similar among the members of a species.
Visual signals
Visual communication involves signals that can be seen. Examples of these signals include gestures, facial expressions, body postures, and coloration.
Gesture and posture are widely used visual signals. For instance, chimpanzees communicate a threat by raising their arms, slapping the ground, or staring directly at another chimpanzee. Gestures and postures are commonly used in mating rituals and may place other signals—such as bright coloring—on display.
Facial expressions are also used to convey information in some species. For instance, what is known as the fear grin—shown on the face of the young chimpanzee below—signals submission. This expression is used by young chimpanzees when approaching a dominant male in their troop to indicate they accept the male's dominance.
Changes in coloration also serve as visual signals. For instance, in some species of monkeys, the skin around a female’s reproductive organs becomes brightly colored when the female is in the fertile stage of her reproductive cycle. The color change signals that the female can be approached by suitors.
Tactile signals
Tactile signals are more limited in range than the other types of signals, as two organisms must be right next to each other in order to touch
Still, these signals are an important part of the communication repertoire of many species.
Tactile signals are fairly common in insects. For instance, a honeybee forager that's found a food source will perform an intricate series of motions called a waggle dance to indicate the location of the food. Since this dance is done in darkness inside the nest, the other bees interpret it largely through touch
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Explanation:
Animal Communication
How do you communicate with your fellow man and woman? Do you use sign language? Do you talk? Do you read lips? Do you just blink or give weird stares?
There's more than one way you can communicate with people, and animals have more than one form of communication, as well. Let's take a look at the forms of animal communication!
Signal & Communication
Communication is the transmission and receipt of a signal from one individual to another, and a signal is a stimulus transmitted from one individual to another.
So, that could mean:
An auditory stimulus, like a bark
A visual stimulus, like an inflated pufferfish
A tactile stimulus, like monkeys grooming one another
Or even a chemical stimulus, like a particular odor
Actually, because I gave a bunch of totally different examples for these stimuli, let me put them together in one example for you.
The courtship behavior of the fruit fly utilizes all four methods of animal communication: auditory, visual, chemical, and tactile. In this example, the male fruit fly sees a female and orients himself towards her. He also uses his sense of smell to detect chemicals she has released into the surrounding air. And, trying to avoid a harassment lawsuit, he gently touches the female fruit fly with his leg. He then begins to vibrate his wings in order to produce a song for her.
And while this seems simplistic, don't be fooled. When humans perform the dating dance, we're basically doing the same things as the fruit flies. Gentle touches, looking at one another, perfumes and colognes, and even songs we play for one another or sing for one another.
And like us, animals use communication for far more than just courtship. For instance, the European honeybee is able to communicate the direction and distance to a food source to another honeybee by using specific body movements and patterns. We used to think bees only communicated by buzzing. The reality is that animals use forms of communication that are far more complex and varied than we once believed.
Chemical Communication
The chemical messengers the female fruit fly released during the mating ritual are known as pheromones, small molecules released outside of the body for communication between individuals of the same species, producing a physiological and/or behavioral change in the recipient.
Pheromones are most common among mammals and insects, and they are usually involved in reproductive behavior. However, while pheromones are stereotypically associated with reproduction and courtship rituals, their role goes far beyond this.
As an example, a type of fish, a minnow, can release pheromones from its skin when it's injured. This acts as a signal to all the other minnows to be on high alert for a possible predator and to run off into a safe area of the lake.
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