Despite the set back caused by the covid 19 pandemic
Answers
Explanation:
Agriculture and the food sector are critical to food and nutrition security because they not only produce food but also contribute to economic empowerment by employing a large share of female and male workers, especially in developing countries. Food systems at all levels―globally, domestically, locally, and in the home― are expected to be highly affected by the COVID-19 crisis. Women and men work as food producers, processors, and traders and will likely be impacted differently. Shocks or crises can exacerbate or reduce gender gaps, and so can policy responses to mitigate the impact of these crises or shocks. We offer some perspectives and available country examples on how the COVID-19 crisis and responses to the crisis could be a setback or offer opportunities for gender equality in the food system.
Agriculture and the food sector are critical to food and nutrition security. They not only produce food but also contribute to economic empowerment by employing large shares of workers, especially in developing countries. The COVID-19 crisis is expected to significantly affect food systems, through both disruptions caused by measures to contain the spread of the disease and the economic downturn it has caused. Food systems at all levels―globally, domestically, locally, and in the home―will feel the impact and need to adjust to new realities.
Both women and men work as food producers, processors, and traders; however, the different constraints they face lead to gender inequalities disfavoring women. Several inclusive agricultural value chain development and gender-sensitive agricultural programs demonstrate that these inequalities can successfully be reduced (Johnson et al. 2016; Maertens and Verhofstadt 2013; Quisumbing et al. 2015).
Shocks or crises can exacerbate or reduce gender gaps, and so can policy responses to mitigate the impact of these crises or shocks. We offer some perspectives and available country examples on how the COVID-19 crisis and responses to the crisis could be a setback or offer opportunities for gender equality in the food system.
Modern supply chains
During the past three decades, modern supply chains for high-value produce, such as horticulture products for high-income markets, have expanded rapidly across developing countries. They have not only changed the way food is produced and traded in developing countries but also affected the welfare of those engaged in the supply chains (Maertens and Swinnen 2012). Women constitute the majority of the labor force of many of those supply chains, for example in fresh flowers, fresh fruit, and vegetable processing and trading. Although exceptions exist, women’s participation in these modern supply chains has often led to significant increases in women’s income and empowerment.
The COVID-19 crisis has already severely affected global value chains and we can expect continued, long-term negative impacts on production and employment in these value chains. These impacts may result in a significant setback for women’s income-generating opportunities and empowerment. Ethiopia’s flower export sector, for example, is at risk of losing 150,000 employees, many of whom are women.Footnote1
To avoid this setback, the private sector and governments will need to find options to mitigate short- and long-term impacts. Businesses that are struggling to survive could innovate by diversifying products and shifting production to follow demand. For example, those in the flower sector could use their greenhouses, cold chains, and storage facilities for intensified production of vegetables with high demand locally or elsewhere; they could also venture from agroprocessing into scented sanitizers, perfumes, or other products. Some flower farmers in Kenya are using the Fairtrade Premium to keep workers employed, shifting some production temporarily to produce masks, and intensifying promotion of their product lines to consumers via online platforms.Footnote2 And many beer companies have responded to changing demand by shifting their production into hand sanitizers.Footnote3 Enterprises that remain in business must adjust practices and adopt precautionary measures to ensure buyer and consumer confidence in both worker and product safety. Enterprises already complying with high quality standards might more easily put in place additional employee health checks, protective gear provision, and sanitation measures.
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Answer:
Climate change has not stopped for COVID-19, as emissions are bouncing back after a temporary decline caused by the pandemic lockdown and economic slowdown, and the world is still off track in limiting the rising global temperature, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) said on Wednesday.
This is according to a new multi-agency report from leading science organizations titled United in Science 2020. It was compiled by the WMO under the direction of UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres to bring together the latest climate science-related updates from a group of global partner organizations, according to the WMO.