detail about the effects of the cycle season of the living world of "biodiversity"
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Biodiversity is the diversity of life on Earth. This includes the richness (number), evenness (equity of relative abundance), and composition (types) of species, alleles, functional groups, or ecosystems. Biodiversity is rapidly declining worldwide, and there is considerable evidence that ecosystem functioning (e.g., productivity, nutrient cycling) and ecosystem stability (i.e., temporal invariability of productivity) depend on biodiversity (Naeem et al. 2009). Thus, biodiversity declines may diminish human wellbeing by decreasing the services that ecosystems can provide for people (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005).
Although the causes and consequences of contemporary biodiversity declines have been extensively explored in ecology, several questions deserve further consideration. For example, what natural processes influence biodiversity; what anthropogenic processes influence biodiversity; what are the consequences of biodiversity declines? Thus far, these questions have been considered separately within several ecological fields. Here, I briefly describe previous progress in each of these fields and then offer a conceptual and mechanistic synthesis across these fields. I conclude by suggesting novel questions and hypotheses that could be considered in future studies to increase our ability to understand, conserve, and restore ecosystems.
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