detail information with pictures about the development the British of transport
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Prior to 1757 commercial activities of the East India Company were confined to coastal markets. By establishing factories or trade centers on coast lines and river mouths, the English merchants carried on trade with nearby accessible territories. After the Battle of Plessey the Company utilized its political power to enhance the commercial activities.The company felt the need of good transport and communication system both for political and economic purposes. First the English merchants had to reach new markets of interior India and also the markets of territories occupied by expansion of British Empire. Second, they also had to explore the fields of raw materials required for the growing British industries. In both the cases the merchants needed easy and cheap transport of goods and raw materials from the ports to the markets and vice versa.Third, in order to search new markets and fields of raw materials, they had to use power for territorial expansions. Wars and conquests needed smooth transport of army and war materials. Fourth, the British also felt the need of communication system in order to establish links between far off places and the administrative headquarters. Since the company maintained vast empire in India, it was an administrative need to connect all parts of India with centers of administration. Thus, the English had their own ideas about transport and communication. However, the need of the Company indirectly served for welfare of the Indian mase.
Roads : The English took upon the projects for finding cheap and easy means of transport both on land and in water. Steps were taken to improve the condition of the existing roads. Some of the important cities, ports and, markets were connected by roads. But Lord William Bethink first initiated the project to connect Calcutta with the frontier provinces of India. By that time Kolkata was the capital of the British Empire.Works on this project started in 1839 to connect Kolkata with Delhi and it known as the Grand Trunk Road. Later this road was extended up to Lahore and Peshawar. To supervise and coordinate the construction works of roads, bridges, canals etc. Lord Dalhousie set upon the Public Works Department under a Chief Engineer.
Water Ways: This way was more important for commercial purposes. Navigation canals were dug. Steamships and steam boats were introduced in the rivers, this means of transport proved cheaper and easier both for the merchants and people.
Railways Introduction of railways was the milestone in the Indian transport system. The English observed the benefits of railways as the best means for distribution of finished goods and supply of raw materials.The English realized that only a railway net work could meet their colonial needs. Therefore, some Englishmen thought of introducing railways in India. It was Rowland Macdonald Stephenson who argued that railways would be the easy and cheap means of transport for British industrial goods to the markets of interior India and for the raw materials to the sea-ports.Thus, the prospects for construction of proposed railways looked very much lucrative for the English merchants. In the mean time, the Industrial Revolution had created a powerful capitalist class in England who were willing for investment of their surplus capital what rich dividend would be assured. Such investors found the construction of railways as the best channel for investment.
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