Develop in science and technology in india after independence ias
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In contrast, the orthodox theory explained it as a process where the demon swallowed the planet. All these observations have been described by Varahamihira in Panch Siddhantika which gave the summary of five schools of astronomy present in his time. Aryabhatta diverged from Vedic astronomy and explained it in a scientific manner which became a guideline for future astronomers. Astrology and horoscope were studied in ancient India. Aryabhatta’s theories exhibited a distinct departure from astrology which stressed more on beliefs than scientific investigations.
In the field of Mathematics, the people possessed optimum knowledge of measurement and geometry. By third century AD, mathematics developed as a separate area of study. Indian mathematics is supposed to have originated from the Sulvasutras. Apastamba in second century BC, introduced practical geometry involving acute angle, obtuse angle and right angle. This knowledge helped in the construction of fire altars where the kings offered sacrifices. The three main contributions in the field of mathematics were the notation system, the decimal system and the use of zero. The notations and the numerals were done to the West by the Arabs. These numerals replaced the Roman numerals. Zero was discovered in India in the second century BC. Brahmagupta’s Brahmasputa Siddhanta is the very first book that mentioned ‘zero’ as a number, hence, Brahmagupta has originated zero. He gave rules of using zero with other numbers. Aryabhatta discovered algebra and also formulated the area of a triangle, which led to the origin of Trigonometry. The Surya Siddhanta is a very famous work. Varahamihira’s Brihatsamhita of the sixth century AD is another original work in the field of astronomy. His observation that the moon rotated around the earth and the earth rotated around the sun found recognition and later discoveries were based on this declaration. Mathematics and astronomy together developed and scientists took interest in cosmology. These discoveries in astronomy and mathematics became the foundations for further research and progress.
During ancient time, medical field was also progressed. Diseases, cure, and medicines were mentioned for the first time in the Atharva Veda. Fever, cough, constipation, diarrhea, dropsy, sores, leprosy and seizure are the diseases mentioned. The medications recommended were replete with magical charms and spells.
From 600 BC, rational sciences were introduced. Takshila and Taranaki emerged as centers of medicine and learning. The two important texts in this field are Charaksamhita by Charak and Sushrutsamhita by Sushruta. These were considered as important as such knowledge of medicine was circulated in China, Central Asia through translations in various languages.
The plants and herbs also used for medicinal purposes during ancient time. It was mentioned in Charaksamhita. Surgery came to be mentioned as a separate stream around fourth century AD. Sushruta was an inventor of this discipline. He considered surgery as “the highest division of the healing arts and least liable to fallacy”. He mentioned 121 surgical instruments. Along with this, he also mentioned the methods of operations, bone setting, cataract and other. The surgeons in ancient India were accustomed with plastic surgery (repair of noses, ears and lips). Sushruta mentioned 760 plants. All parts of the plant roots, barks, flowers, leaves etc. were used for medicinal purposes. During that time, doctors put more stress on diet (e.g. salt free diet for nephrites) to become healthy. Both the Charaksamhita and the Sushruta Samhita became the precursors of the development of Indian medicine in the later centuries. However, surgery suffered in the early medieval time since the act of dissecting with a razor became the work of a barber.
Metallurgy was also developed to full swing in ancient period. The glazed potteries and bronze and copper artefacts found in the Indus valley excavations which indicated towards a highly developed metallurgy. The Vedic people were aware of fermenting grain and fruits, tanning leather and the process of dyeing.
By the first century AD, mass production of metals like iron, copper, silver, gold and of alloys like brass and bronze took place. The iron pillar in the Qutub Minar complex is symbolic of the high quality of alloying that was being done. Alkali and acids were produced and used for making medicines. This technology was also used for other crafts like producing dyes and colors. Textile dyeing was popular. The Ajanta murals echo on the quality of color.
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