Development is really not necessary to adress environmental issues explaination in hundred words
Answers
ccepted. The view corresponds with point g in Fig. 2.
It should be clear that weak environmental sustainability and the eco-efficiency concept of sustainable development have much in
common, whilst strong environmental sustainability moves into the domain of both eco-efficiency and eco-justice. The proponents
of conventional mainstream (growth-oriented) economic democracy will have no interest in any form of environmental
sustainability. For them the ethic of utilitarianism is the key to human development. This utility is currently measured in
organisations in terms of the generation of short-term profits for shareholders. In such a framework where price is the epi-centre of
theory and practice, there can be no concern for either social or environmental issues. There is therefore no extremely weak
category of sustainable development. Even though not a 'category', this point is indicated as d in Fig. 2.
Fig. 2 adequately represents the theory on which sustainable development and environmental sustainability are based. How, in
practice, should government and business move from the position as depicted in Fig. 1 to a situationAnswer:
Explanation:
Given its unique economic and social circumstances, South Africa is in desperate need of economic development. The main
impetus for growth will have to come from the mining and industrial sectors, which will have to play a key role in the future South
African economy. The activities of these sectors markedly influence the quality and quantity of natural resources in the country.
Sustainable development should be the ultimate goal of any development strategy. The question is how businesses should organise
themselves to achieve the goal of sustainable development, with cleaner and ecologically more efficient production. This study first
analyses the unique features of resource economics in South Africa. It then discusses the integration of sustainable development
within an excavatory and production environment. Finally an appropriate business management philosophy will be outlined.
1. Resource Economics in South Africa
The importance of resource economics in South Africa is acknowledged by a small but rapidly growing group of academics, nongovernmental organisations, parastatals and state departments. Numerous workshops*(2) were frequently held in an effort to
bolster support for the subject, guide research and develop the approach that should be followed in future. Research was to cover,
amongst other things, the valuation of bio-diversification, environmental accounting, market-based incentives and direct commandand-control measures, sustainable water management and the sustainable management of wilderness areas. Unfortunately, not much
progress has been made so far beyond the point of discussion and research.
The lack of progress is largely due to the fact that the environmental milieu in South Africa is characterised by various unique and
even conflicting features. The way in which the features of the environmental milieu are going to be managed determines the
success rate of and the course of the future development of resource economics. Six features will be discussed here.
1. The government. In March 1994 the African National Congress (ANC) issued the Reconstruction and Development Programme
(RDP) (ANC 1994) as an election manifesto. In November 1994, an RDP White Paper (RSA 1994) was released. Whereas the first
election document contained various sections and a chapter on the environment and the sustained use thereof, the White Paper
made no reference to the environment or any environmental concerns at all. The White Paper served as a base document for the
writing of the economic policy document Growth, Employment and Redistribution: a Macroeconomic Strategy (GEAR) (RSA
1996a). The environment does not feature in GEAR either. Government and the other NEDLAC participants (Business South Africa
and Labour) are actively implementing GEAR -without, however, incorporating environmental issues in the day-to-day activities.
These documents were written despite the White Paper onEnvironmental Management policy for South Africa (RSA 1997c) and
the fact that Section 24 of the Bill of Rights in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa guarantees environmental rights for
all the people of South Africa. *(3)
Although the government has committed itself to environmental equity and sustainable development through the constitution and
the election document, economic policy and everyday realities do not reflect the same commitment.
rights to mine a certain area by virtue of its ownership of the mineral rights.
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