Development of inference and connotation
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Answer:
Inferences are steps in reasoning, moving from premises to logical consequences; etymologically, the word infer means to "carry forward". Inference is theoretically traditionally divided into deduction and induction, a distinction that in Europe dates at least to Aristotle (300s BCE). Deduction is inference deriving logical conclusions from premises known or assumed to be true, with the laws of valid inference being studied in logic. Induction is inference from particular premises to a universal conclusion. A third type of inference is sometimes distinguished, notably by Charles Sanders Peirce, distinguishing abduction from induction.
Various fields study how inference is done in practice. Human inference (i.e. how humans draw conclusions) is traditionally studied within the field of cognitive psychology; artificial intelligence researchers develop automated inference systems to emulate human inference. Statistical inference uses mathematics to draw conclusions in the presence of uncertainty. This generalizes deterministic reasoning, with the absence of uncertainty as a special case. Statistical inference uses quantitative or qualitative (categorical) data which may be subject to random variations.
The term "inference" refers to the process of using observation and background knowledge to determine a conclusion that makes sense. Basic inference examples can help you better understand this concept.
Explanation:
Examples of Inferences in Reading Comprehension
Whether you’re a student or an adult, learning to make inferences about fiction and nonfiction texts can help you better understand what you just read. Check out these examples of reading comprehension inferences.
The main character is getting ready for her first day of high school.
You can infer the main character is a teenage girl because of the word “her” and the fact that she’s in high school where kids are usually 14 to 18 years old.
“I can’t wait to get back to Maine,” says John as he packs his life jacket and fishing tackle.
You can infer that John has been to Maine before because he says he wants to “get back” there. You can infer that he’s planning to go fishing on a boat because of what he’s packing.
The birds were chirping, flowers were blooming, and the rain was a daily occurrence. The green fields go on forever, this is home.
You can infer that it is spring because that’s when you typically see - a lot of rain and flowers blooming. You can also infer the narrator lives somewhere rural because they talk about large fields, which you don’t usually find in urban areas.
Harry lives with his aunt and uncle. His room is a cupboard under the stairs.
You can infer that Harry’s parents have died because he doesn’t live with them. You can infer that his aunt and uncle don’t like him because of where he sleeps.
Sam runs away from home to go live in the woods.
You can infer Sam is not happy with his home life because he ran away. You can infer that he loves nature because he goes to the woods to live instead of a friend’s house.
Edward has a pale complexion, never eats in front of others, and seems to move more quickly than is humanly possible.
You can infer that Edward is a vampire.
Inference vs. Observation
Many people find it hard to tell the difference between “inference” and “observation.” They are both nouns, but making an inference is a process and making an observation is not. An observation is something you notice, witness, or see. An inference is something you conclude by putting together different pieces of evidence.
What You Can Infer About Inferences
Everyone makes inferences all the time. You can pull together these definitions and examples to make a conclusion about what inferences are, or infer what inferences are. Read a random paragraph from a magazine or book and see what you can infer about the entire piece using only the information presented in that paragraph.
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