Difference between coenzyme cofactor and prosthetic group
Answers
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Cofactors
The first type of enzyme partner is a group called cofactors, or molecules that increase the rate of reaction or are required for enzyme function. Cofactors are not proteins but rather help proteins, such as enzymes, although they can also help non-enzyme proteins as well.
Examples of cofactors include metal ions like iron and zinc.
Coenzymes
A specific type of cofactor, coenzymes, are organic molecules that bind to enzymes and help them function. The key here is that they're organic. 'Organic' does not mean you'll find them in a special aisle in the grocery store. Rather, organic molecules are simply molecules that contain carbon. Don't let the name 'coenzymes' fool you, either; coenzymes are not really enzymes. As the prefix 'co-' suggests, they work with enzymes. Many coenzymes are derived from vitamins.
These molecules often sit at the active site of an enzyme and aid in recognizing, attracting, or repulsing a substrate or product. Remember that a substrate is the molecule upon which an enzyme catalyzes a reaction. Coenzymes can also shuttle chemical groups from one enzyme to another enzyme. Coenzymes bind loosely to enzymes, while another group of cofactors do not.
Prosthetic Groups
Prosthetic groups are cofactors that bind tightly to proteins or enzymes. As if holding on for dear life, they are not easily removed. They can be organic or metal ions and are often attached to proteins by a covalent bond. The same cofactors can bind multiple different types of enzymes and may bind some enzymes loosely, as a coenzyme, and others tightly, as a prosthetic group. Some cofactors may always tightly bind their enzymes. It's important to note, though, that these prosthetic groups can also bind to proteins other than enzymes.
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Answer:
Co - Factors are non - protein constituents which are bound to enzymes to make them catalytically active. In such enzymes, protein portion is called apoenzyme.
Thus,
Apoenzyme + Co-factor = Holoenzyme
Now,
Co-factors are of three types: Prosthetic groups, Coenzymes and Metal ions
Prosthetic groups are organic compounds that are tightly bound to apoenzyme. Example: Haem is the prosthetic group of enzyme peroxidase and catalase. These enzymes catalyze breakdown of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to water and oxygen.
Coenzymes are organic compounds which associate with apoenzymes only during catalytic reaction. Many vitamins act as coenzymes. This is why deficiency of vitamins in body leads to appearance of symptoms.
Metal ions:
Metal ions help substrate bind with active site of enzymes.
Example: Zinc is a co-factor of enzyme carboxypeptidase. Copper and iron are co-factor of cytochrome oxidase.
Note: Catalytic activity is lost when co-factor is removed from the enzyme which testifies that they play a crucial role in the catalytic activity of the enzyme.
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