Question

Difference between direct and indirect photolysis in plants

Answer 1

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Answer 2

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Indirect photolysis is common in seawater and especially important because it may alter molecules that resist direct photolysis. The nature of these transformations has been attributed to the initial excitation of a “seawater chromophore,” followed either by energy transfer or by transfer of electrons or hydrogen atoms and the subsequent reaction of the resulting free radicals with oxygen or other chemical species.

In the sea surface, the photosensitizer (e.g., dissolved organic matter) can be excited by light to form various reactive species, including singlet oxygen (1O2), superoxide anion (O2−), organic peroxy (ROO•), hydroperoxyl (HO2•), and hydroxyl (HO•) radicals (Schwarzenbach et al., 2005). These reactive species can accelerate the oxidation of other compounds quite refractory to oxidation (e.g., aliphatic hydrocarbons). Because oxygen concentrations are normally constant in the photic zone, sensitized photolysis, like direct photolysis, also obey a first-order rate expression.

Crude oil components may also act as effective sensitizers. Some of them affect the photo-oxidation rate of PAHs and the end products. For example, the presence of crude oil enhanced the oxidation of the naphthalenes via formation of singlet oxygen (Sydnes et al., 1985b). The direct photolysis of anthracene via singlet oxygen gives rise to anthraquinone that may act as an active photosensitizer (Saeed et al., 2011).