Difference between dna barcoding and dna fingerprinting
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DNA Identikit
Barcode for Biodiversity
& Fingerprint for Everything Else
Prof. Joe Cummins
The identity of organisms and species
Two kinds of techniques, DNA fingerprints and DNA barcodes, have revolutionized the identification of individual organisms and species. The use of these techniques does not alter the DNA of the organism and does not involve genetic engineering.
DNA fingerprints have been used to identify individuals in criminal cases, cases of disputed parentage and victims or warfare or accidents. DNA fingerprints are also used for identifying pathogens including viruses, bacteria and parasites. Individual plants, animals, fungus or alga and their progeny may be traced using DNA fingerprints.
DNA barcodes, on the other hand, use short DNA sequences that are present in all plants, animals, microbes or viruses, in order to identify individual species. To be useful the sequences are derived from genes that evolve rapidly (but not too rapidly) providing clear differences between species as they evolve. Ideally, one gene sequence would be used to identify species in all of the taxa (taxonomic groups) from viruses to plants and animals. However, that ideal gene has not yet been found, so different barcode DNA sequences are used for animals, plants, microbes and viruses.
DNA barcodes in animals
A DNA sequence has been found in a mitochondrial gene inherited mainly through the maternal line, which effectively discriminates between most of the animal species. A segment of the cytochrome C oxidase gene 650 bases long has been elevated to the status of “the barcode of life” even though it is only effective in identifying animal species. Nonetheless, the entire biodiversity of life on earth has been targeted for barcoding and within the current decade [1, 2]
Recently, a 100-base fragment of the original barcode was found to be effective in identifying archival specimens and potentially useful for all taxa of the eukaryotes (organisms with nucleus in the cell) [3]. However, mitochondria and nuclear genes have different rates of evolution (with the former normally evolving faster), so estimates of biodiversity based on mitochondrial DNA may not be truly representative [4]. Furthermore, even though most animal species can be identified from the standard barcode, the cytochrome gene evolves too slowly in corals and sponges for it to be used as barcode identification in those species [5, 6]. Bearing in mind those caveats, the animal barcode based on a single DNA sequence works sufficiently well for most general purposes.
Plant DNA barcodes
DNA barcodes in plants proved more elusive than those in animals. Plant mitochondrial genes are unsatisfactory while several potential candidates have been found in the chloroplast genome. Of these, the gene maturase K (matK) appears to provide the most reliable barcode, and was used to resolve the flora of biodiversity hot spots [7]. The matK barcode discriminated 90 percent of plant species [8]. MatK is nested in the group II intron of the chloroplast gene for transfer RNA lysine (trnK), and includes a domain for reverse transcriptase [9, 10]. Group II intron is a class of intron found in rRNA, tRNA, mRNA of organelles in fungi, plants, protists, and some mRNA in bacteria. Group II introns are self-splicing in vitro but employ maturase proteins in vivo. The use of two or more chloroplast barcodes has been advocated for the best discrimination in estimating biodiversity [11, 12], and impressive progress has been made in using chloroplast DNA barcodes for identifying plant species.
hope it is helpful to you:)
Barcode for Biodiversity
& Fingerprint for Everything Else
Prof. Joe Cummins
The identity of organisms and species
Two kinds of techniques, DNA fingerprints and DNA barcodes, have revolutionized the identification of individual organisms and species. The use of these techniques does not alter the DNA of the organism and does not involve genetic engineering.
DNA fingerprints have been used to identify individuals in criminal cases, cases of disputed parentage and victims or warfare or accidents. DNA fingerprints are also used for identifying pathogens including viruses, bacteria and parasites. Individual plants, animals, fungus or alga and their progeny may be traced using DNA fingerprints.
DNA barcodes, on the other hand, use short DNA sequences that are present in all plants, animals, microbes or viruses, in order to identify individual species. To be useful the sequences are derived from genes that evolve rapidly (but not too rapidly) providing clear differences between species as they evolve. Ideally, one gene sequence would be used to identify species in all of the taxa (taxonomic groups) from viruses to plants and animals. However, that ideal gene has not yet been found, so different barcode DNA sequences are used for animals, plants, microbes and viruses.
DNA barcodes in animals
A DNA sequence has been found in a mitochondrial gene inherited mainly through the maternal line, which effectively discriminates between most of the animal species. A segment of the cytochrome C oxidase gene 650 bases long has been elevated to the status of “the barcode of life” even though it is only effective in identifying animal species. Nonetheless, the entire biodiversity of life on earth has been targeted for barcoding and within the current decade [1, 2]
Recently, a 100-base fragment of the original barcode was found to be effective in identifying archival specimens and potentially useful for all taxa of the eukaryotes (organisms with nucleus in the cell) [3]. However, mitochondria and nuclear genes have different rates of evolution (with the former normally evolving faster), so estimates of biodiversity based on mitochondrial DNA may not be truly representative [4]. Furthermore, even though most animal species can be identified from the standard barcode, the cytochrome gene evolves too slowly in corals and sponges for it to be used as barcode identification in those species [5, 6]. Bearing in mind those caveats, the animal barcode based on a single DNA sequence works sufficiently well for most general purposes.
Plant DNA barcodes
DNA barcodes in plants proved more elusive than those in animals. Plant mitochondrial genes are unsatisfactory while several potential candidates have been found in the chloroplast genome. Of these, the gene maturase K (matK) appears to provide the most reliable barcode, and was used to resolve the flora of biodiversity hot spots [7]. The matK barcode discriminated 90 percent of plant species [8]. MatK is nested in the group II intron of the chloroplast gene for transfer RNA lysine (trnK), and includes a domain for reverse transcriptase [9, 10]. Group II intron is a class of intron found in rRNA, tRNA, mRNA of organelles in fungi, plants, protists, and some mRNA in bacteria. Group II introns are self-splicing in vitro but employ maturase proteins in vivo. The use of two or more chloroplast barcodes has been advocated for the best discrimination in estimating biodiversity [11, 12], and impressive progress has been made in using chloroplast DNA barcodes for identifying plant species.
hope it is helpful to you:)
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Following are the points that distinguish DNA barcoding and DNA fingerprinting:
- Analysis: DNA fingerprinting uses the analysis of DNA in order to identify individuals while DNA barcoding uses the analysis of an individual's DNA characteristics for forensic studies.
- DNA fingerprinting is a molecular genetic method that allows the identification of individuals according to the unique patterns of their DNA while DNA barcoding is a forensic technique important in both criminal investigations and parentage testing.
- Satellite: DNA fingerprinting mainly focuses on VNTRs including both minisatellites and microsatellites while DNA barcoding mainly focuses on STRs which are microsatellites.
- Techniques: DNA fingerprinting uses techniques like RFLP, AFLP, and PCR while DNA barcoding uses the PCR technique.
- Method: DNA fingerprinting is a cumbersome method while DNA barcoding is a simple process.
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