Difference between ferromagnetic and non ferromagnetic materials
Answers
ferromagnetic :
these exhibit strong magnetism in the same direction of the field, when magnetic field applied to it.
eg, iron , nickel
non ferromagnetic :
they are non magnetic and contain no iron.
eg, aluminum , copper
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Ferromagnetic materials:
Ferromagnetic materials usually contain domains of various sizes. The spin magnetic moments in each domain are generally aligned parallel to each other. As a result each domain exhibits saturate magnetization in a particular direction that is parallel to the direction of spin moments. The vector sum of the magnetic moments from all the domains results in a non-zero magnetization and is commonly referred as the spontaneous magnetization. The following figure illustrates the general alignment of spins in different domains of a typical ferromagnetic material. The figure is for illustrative purpose only.
The left figure represents the ferromagnetism. There are a total of 6 domains shown in the figure. The black arrows represent the spin magnetic moment vectors and are aligned in a particular direction in each domain. The magnitude of vectors indicate the magnitude of spin moment. The vector sum of spin moments from all the 6 domains results in a non-zero magnetization. If you carefully notice the figure you will find that all the black arrows are same in size i.e. from the arrow tip to tail. It is conventional that the spin moments are generally represented by arrows (vectors). Each arrow represents a spin moment with a finite magnitude. The same size represents that the magnitudes of all spin moments are equal.
Example: Fe, Co and Ni etc.
Anti-Ferromagnetic Materials:
These are similar to Ferromagnetic materials but the spin moments in each domain are aligned opposite to each other as represented in the middle figure. Consequently, each domain results in a zero magnetization and hence a zero spontaneous magnetization.
Examples: Chromium, FeMn alloy and NiO etc.
Ferrimagnetic materials:
These are similar to anti-ferromagnetic materials, but the magnitude of one set of spins (say parallel spins) is not equal to the magnitude of other set of spins (say opposite spins). The top right figure represents the same. As a result each domain results in a non-zero magnetization and hence a non-zero spontaneous magnetization of the whole sample. The difference in magnitudes comes from the atomic elements which occupy different sites exhibit different magnitudes of spin moments.
Example: Fe3O4