Difference between placodermi and chondrichthyes
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The earliest fossil remains of fishlike vertebrates are too fragmentary to permit tracing the modern fishes precisely to their origins. It is believed that the ancestral forms evolved toward the end of the Ordovician Period (about 455 million years ago) in the upper reaches of streams. During the end of the Silurian and the beginning of the Devonian periods that followed, there appeared an exceedingly diverse group of armour-plated fishes with jawlike structures, paired fins, and bony skeletal tissue. Paleontologists refer to these extinct forms as a distinct class, Placodermi. Between the beginning and end of the Devonian (the latter about 350 million years ago), the placoderms reached their peak in diversity and numbers and almost completely died out; only a few lingered another 10 million years into the Mississippian subperiod (roughly, the Early Carboniferous). During their flowering, the placoderms evidently gave rise to the Osteichthyes (the bony fishes) and the Chondrichthyes (the cartilaginous fishes). Even though the lines of evolution remain to be discovered, it seems quite clear that the two groups evolved independently, the Chondrichthyes appearing much later than the Osteichthyes.
Although a few sharklike forms remained in freshwater environments, the vast majority soon invaded the sea, perhaps in response to the arid Devonian climate. There they adapted to life in salt water by evolving the urea retention habitus (see above Salt and water balance). Their cartilaginous skeleton, far from representing an evolutionary stage antecedent to the Osteichthyes, as was once believed, is more than likely degenerate rather than primitive. Possibly their precursors were the petalichthyids, a group of Devonian sharklike placoderms that had ossified skeletons and well-developed fins.
The phyletic relationship of the chimaeras and the sharks and rays is a subject open to varying interpretation. Although both groups have many characteristics in common (such as the possession of a cartilaginous skeleton, placoid scales, teeth simply embedded in gums, a spiral valve in the intestine, urea retention habitus, internal fertilization [for which the males have claspers], and the absence of a swim bladder), the two groups may have evolved independently along parallel lines. The chimaeras evolved from the pyctodonts, an order of Devonian placoderms with body form and tooth structure very suggestive of modern chimaeras.
Although a few sharklike forms remained in freshwater environments, the vast majority soon invaded the sea, perhaps in response to the arid Devonian climate. There they adapted to life in salt water by evolving the urea retention habitus (see above Salt and water balance). Their cartilaginous skeleton, far from representing an evolutionary stage antecedent to the Osteichthyes, as was once believed, is more than likely degenerate rather than primitive. Possibly their precursors were the petalichthyids, a group of Devonian sharklike placoderms that had ossified skeletons and well-developed fins.
The phyletic relationship of the chimaeras and the sharks and rays is a subject open to varying interpretation. Although both groups have many characteristics in common (such as the possession of a cartilaginous skeleton, placoid scales, teeth simply embedded in gums, a spiral valve in the intestine, urea retention habitus, internal fertilization [for which the males have claspers], and the absence of a swim bladder), the two groups may have evolved independently along parallel lines. The chimaeras evolved from the pyctodonts, an order of Devonian placoderms with body form and tooth structure very suggestive of modern chimaeras.