Difference between primary infestation and secondary infestation of wheat rust
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Losses of grain in storage due to insects are the final components of the struggle to limit insect losses in agricultural production. These losses can exceed those incurred while growing the crop. Losses caused by insects include not only the direct consumption of kernels, but also include accumulations of frass, exuviae, webbing, and insect cadavers. High levels of this insect detritus may result in grain that is unfit for human consumption. Insect-induced changes in the storage environment may cause warm, moist ‘hotspots’ that are suitable for the development of storage fungi that cause further losses. Worldwide losses in stored products, caused by insects, have been estimated to be between five and ten percent. Heavier losses occurring in the tropics may reach 30%, and the net value of losses in storage in the United States has been placed at over $200 million annually.
Limiting insect infestation in grain storage must be a primary consideration beginning at the time of harvest. Economically speaking, storage insects and, to a lesser degree, fungi reduce the quality and value of grain, while losses due to rodents and birds are typically quite infrequent and minor. Infestation on-farm may further proliferate to devastating losses throughout the grain storage and marketing ecosystem. It is essential that on-farm storage should limit the infestation of grain from the onset of storage, to ensure the acceptance and marketability of grain in domestic and foreign channels. In Montana, the majority of grain storage is on-farm, a situation that is quite different from other major wheat-producing states
Cold Montana winters are an asset in the manage-ment of stored-product pests, but do not in any way guarantee that the stored product will be pest-free. While greater than thirty species of storage pests can attack grain stored in the northwest of the United States, seldom do more than a few species reach economic levels in Montana. This manual will help the producer storing grain on-farm and the commercial elevator operator become familiar with the available methods for managing these pests in Montana.
While several procedures to manage pests are used at storage facilities before storage, those that minimize pest invasion into storage structures include:
Cleaning bins, harvest and loading equipment prior to harvest and after bin emptying,
Applying “empty-bin” insecticides to the inside of the structures,
Sealing structures,
Cleaning up grain spills on the grounds,
Removing weeds close to structures.
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