Difference between simple and fractional distillation
Answers
Answer: simple and fractional distillation
Explanation: The main difference between fractional distillation and simple distillation is that simple distillation separate liquids with boiling point gaps of at least 50 degrees whereas fractional distillation separates liquids with closer boiling points.
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Both use the same principle of separation of components based on the difference in their boiling points.
Simple distillation is one where you have only two components (or even a case where there are multiple components but only one is of prime importance). In most of the cases, where simple distillation is used, the product with the lower boiling point is of higher significance compared to the other conponent. It gets collected at the top as vapor, which is then condensed and collected as liquid. This is what is done by most of us in our university laboratory.
Of course, in most cases, not all of it is collected as top product, a portion of it is sent as reflux back to the distillation column.
Now, coming to fractional distillation, it is used when there are many significant components to be recovered as products. Here the phenomenon is the same as simple distillation, but what happens is, the lightest product gets collected at the top. Likewise, you have various side draws at different sections of the column, where the component which boils off at that particular temperature is collected as the product. Basically the bottom product contains only the residue, and as you move up, the lighter products are collected.
In short, a fractional distillation column is used in cases, where more than two products need to be recovered. Every crude distillation unit uses fractional distillation column.